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# sqlglot.dialects.dialect

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       1from __future__ import annotations
       2
       3import logging
       4import typing as t
       5from enum import Enum, auto
       6from functools import reduce
       7
       8from sqlglot import exp
       9from sqlglot.errors import ParseError
      10from sqlglot.generator import Generator
      11from sqlglot.helper import AutoName, flatten, is_int, seq_get
      12from sqlglot.jsonpath import parse as parse_json_path
      13from sqlglot.parser import Parser
      14from sqlglot.time import TIMEZONES, format_time
      15from sqlglot.tokens import Token, Tokenizer, TokenType
      16from sqlglot.trie import new_trie
      17
      18DATE_ADD_OR_DIFF = t.Union[exp.DateAdd, exp.TsOrDsAdd, exp.DateDiff, exp.TsOrDsDiff]
      19DATE_ADD_OR_SUB = t.Union[exp.DateAdd, exp.TsOrDsAdd, exp.DateSub]
      20JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE = t.Union[exp.JSONExtract, exp.JSONExtractScalar]
      21
      22
      23if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
      24    from sqlglot._typing import B, E, F
      25
      26logger = logging.getLogger("sqlglot")
      27
      28
      29class Dialects(str, Enum):
      30    """Dialects supported by SQLGLot."""
      31
      32    DIALECT = ""
      33
      34    ATHENA = "athena"
      35    BIGQUERY = "bigquery"
      36    CLICKHOUSE = "clickhouse"
      37    DATABRICKS = "databricks"
      38    DORIS = "doris"
      39    DRILL = "drill"
      40    DUCKDB = "duckdb"
      41    HIVE = "hive"
      42    MYSQL = "mysql"
      43    ORACLE = "oracle"
      44    POSTGRES = "postgres"
      45    PRESTO = "presto"
      46    PRQL = "prql"
      47    REDSHIFT = "redshift"
      48    SNOWFLAKE = "snowflake"
      49    SPARK = "spark"
      50    SPARK2 = "spark2"
      51    SQLITE = "sqlite"
      52    STARROCKS = "starrocks"
      53    TABLEAU = "tableau"
      54    TERADATA = "teradata"
      55    TRINO = "trino"
      56    TSQL = "tsql"
      57
      58
      59class NormalizationStrategy(str, AutoName):
      60    """Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized."""
      61
      62    LOWERCASE = auto()
      63    """Unquoted identifiers are lowercased."""
      64
      65    UPPERCASE = auto()
      66    """Unquoted identifiers are uppercased."""
      67
      68    CASE_SENSITIVE = auto()
      69    """Always case-sensitive, regardless of quotes."""
      70
      71    CASE_INSENSITIVE = auto()
      72    """Always case-insensitive, regardless of quotes."""
      73
      74
      75class _Dialect(type):
      76    classes: t.Dict[str, t.Type[Dialect]] = {}
      77
      78    def __eq__(cls, other: t.Any) -> bool:
      79        if cls is other:
      80            return True
      81        if isinstance(other, str):
      82            return cls is cls.get(other)
      83        if isinstance(other, Dialect):
      84            return cls is type(other)
      85
      86        return False
      87
      88    def __hash__(cls) -> int:
      89        return hash(cls.__name__.lower())
      90
      91    @classmethod
      92    def __getitem__(cls, key: str) -> t.Type[Dialect]:
      93        return cls.classes[key]
      94
      95    @classmethod
      96    def get(
      97        cls, key: str, default: t.Optional[t.Type[Dialect]] = None
      98    ) -> t.Optional[t.Type[Dialect]]:
      99        return cls.classes.get(key, default)
     100
     101    def __new__(cls, clsname, bases, attrs):
     102        klass = super().__new__(cls, clsname, bases, attrs)
     103        enum = Dialects.__members__.get(clsname.upper())
     104        cls.classes[enum.value if enum is not None else clsname.lower()] = klass
     105
     106        klass.TIME_TRIE = new_trie(klass.TIME_MAPPING)
     107        klass.FORMAT_TRIE = (
     108            new_trie(klass.FORMAT_MAPPING) if klass.FORMAT_MAPPING else klass.TIME_TRIE
     109        )
     110        klass.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING = {v: k for k, v in klass.TIME_MAPPING.items()}
     111        klass.INVERSE_TIME_TRIE = new_trie(klass.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING)
     112
     113        base = seq_get(bases, 0)
     114        base_tokenizer = (getattr(base, "tokenizer_class", Tokenizer),)
     115        base_parser = (getattr(base, "parser_class", Parser),)
     116        base_generator = (getattr(base, "generator_class", Generator),)
     117
     118        klass.tokenizer_class = klass.__dict__.get(
     119            "Tokenizer", type("Tokenizer", base_tokenizer, {})
     120        )
     121        klass.parser_class = klass.__dict__.get("Parser", type("Parser", base_parser, {}))
     122        klass.generator_class = klass.__dict__.get(
     123            "Generator", type("Generator", base_generator, {})
     124        )
     125
     126        klass.QUOTE_START, klass.QUOTE_END = list(klass.tokenizer_class._QUOTES.items())[0]
     127        klass.IDENTIFIER_START, klass.IDENTIFIER_END = list(
     128            klass.tokenizer_class._IDENTIFIERS.items()
     129        )[0]
     130
     131        def get_start_end(token_type: TokenType) -> t.Tuple[t.Optional[str], t.Optional[str]]:
     132            return next(
     133                (
     134                    (s, e)
     135                    for s, (e, t) in klass.tokenizer_class._FORMAT_STRINGS.items()
     136                    if t == token_type
     137                ),
     138                (None, None),
     139            )
     140
     141        klass.BIT_START, klass.BIT_END = get_start_end(TokenType.BIT_STRING)
     142        klass.HEX_START, klass.HEX_END = get_start_end(TokenType.HEX_STRING)
     143        klass.BYTE_START, klass.BYTE_END = get_start_end(TokenType.BYTE_STRING)
     144        klass.UNICODE_START, klass.UNICODE_END = get_start_end(TokenType.UNICODE_STRING)
     145
     146        if "\\" in klass.tokenizer_class.STRING_ESCAPES:
     147            klass.UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES = {
     148                "\\a": "\a",
     149                "\\b": "\b",
     150                "\\f": "\f",
     151                "\\n": "\n",
     152                "\\r": "\r",
     153                "\\t": "\t",
     154                "\\v": "\v",
     155                "\\\\": "\\",
     156                **klass.UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES,
     157            }
     158
     159        klass.ESCAPED_SEQUENCES = {v: k for k, v in klass.UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES.items()}
     160
     161        if enum not in ("", "bigquery"):
     162            klass.generator_class.SELECT_KINDS = ()
     163
     164        if enum not in ("", "athena", "presto", "trino"):
     165            klass.generator_class.TRY_SUPPORTED = False
     166
     167        if enum not in ("", "databricks", "hive", "spark", "spark2"):
     168            modifier_transforms = klass.generator_class.AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS.copy()
     169            for modifier in ("cluster", "distribute", "sort"):
     170                modifier_transforms.pop(modifier, None)
     171
     172            klass.generator_class.AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = modifier_transforms
     173
     174        if not klass.SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN:
     175            klass.parser_class.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = klass.parser_class.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS | {
     176                TokenType.ANTI,
     177                TokenType.SEMI,
     178            }
     179
     180        return klass
     181
     182
     183class Dialect(metaclass=_Dialect):
     184    INDEX_OFFSET = 0
     185    """The base index offset for arrays."""
     186
     187    WEEK_OFFSET = 0
     188    """First day of the week in DATE_TRUNC(week). Defaults to 0 (Monday). -1 would be Sunday."""
     189
     190    UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY = False
     191    """Whether `UNNEST` table aliases are treated as column aliases."""
     192
     193    ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE = False
     194    """Whether the table alias comes after tablesample."""
     195
     196    TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = False
     197    """Whether a size in the table sample clause represents percentage."""
     198
     199    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.LOWERCASE
     200    """Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized."""
     201
     202    IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT = False
     203    """Whether an unquoted identifier can start with a digit."""
     204
     205    DPIPE_IS_STRING_CONCAT = True
     206    """Whether the DPIPE token (`||`) is a string concatenation operator."""
     207
     208    STRICT_STRING_CONCAT = False
     209    """Whether `CONCAT`'s arguments must be strings."""
     210
     211    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = True
     212    """Whether user-defined data types are supported."""
     213
     214    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = True
     215    """Whether `SEMI` or `ANTI` joins are supported."""
     216
     217    NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS: bool | str = "upper"
     218    """
     219    Determines how function names are going to be normalized.
     220    Possible values:
     221        "upper" or True: Convert names to uppercase.
     222        "lower": Convert names to lowercase.
     223        False: Disables function name normalization.
     224    """
     225
     226    LOG_BASE_FIRST: t.Optional[bool] = True
     227    """
     228    Whether the base comes first in the `LOG` function.
     229    Possible values: `True`, `False`, `None` (two arguments are not supported by `LOG`)
     230    """
     231
     232    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_small"
     233    """
     234    Default `NULL` ordering method to use if not explicitly set.
     235    Possible values: `"nulls_are_small"`, `"nulls_are_large"`, `"nulls_are_last"`
     236    """
     237
     238    TYPED_DIVISION = False
     239    """
     240    Whether the behavior of `a / b` depends on the types of `a` and `b`.
     241    False means `a / b` is always float division.
     242    True means `a / b` is integer division if both `a` and `b` are integers.
     243    """
     244
     245    SAFE_DIVISION = False
     246    """Whether division by zero throws an error (`False`) or returns NULL (`True`)."""
     247
     248    CONCAT_COALESCE = False
     249    """A `NULL` arg in `CONCAT` yields `NULL` by default, but in some dialects it yields an empty string."""
     250
     251    HEX_LOWERCASE = False
     252    """Whether the `HEX` function returns a lowercase hexadecimal string."""
     253
     254    DATE_FORMAT = "'%Y-%m-%d'"
     255    DATEINT_FORMAT = "'%Y%m%d'"
     256    TIME_FORMAT = "'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'"
     257
     258    TIME_MAPPING: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
     259    """Associates this dialect's time formats with their equivalent Python `strftime` formats."""
     260
     261    # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/format-elements#format_model_rules_date_time
     262    # https://docs.teradata.com/r/Teradata-Database-SQL-Functions-Operators-Expressions-and-Predicates/March-2017/Data-Type-Conversions/Character-to-DATE-Conversion/Forcing-a-FORMAT-on-CAST-for-Converting-Character-to-DATE
     263    FORMAT_MAPPING: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
     264    """
     265    Helper which is used for parsing the special syntax `CAST(x AS DATE FORMAT 'yyyy')`.
     266    If empty, the corresponding trie will be constructed off of `TIME_MAPPING`.
     267    """
     268
     269    UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
     270    """Mapping of an escaped sequence (`\\n`) to its unescaped version (`\n`)."""
     271
     272    PSEUDOCOLUMNS: t.Set[str] = set()
     273    """
     274    Columns that are auto-generated by the engine corresponding to this dialect.
     275    For example, such columns may be excluded from `SELECT *` queries.
     276    """
     277
     278    PREFER_CTE_ALIAS_COLUMN = False
     279    """
     280    Some dialects, such as Snowflake, allow you to reference a CTE column alias in the
     281    HAVING clause of the CTE. This flag will cause the CTE alias columns to override
     282    any projection aliases in the subquery.
     283
     284    For example,
     285        WITH y(c) AS (
     286            SELECT SUM(a) FROM (SELECT 1 a) AS x HAVING c > 0
     287        ) SELECT c FROM y;
     288
     289        will be rewritten as
     290
     291        WITH y(c) AS (
     292            SELECT SUM(a) AS c FROM (SELECT 1 AS a) AS x HAVING c > 0
     293        ) SELECT c FROM y;
     294    """
     295
     296    # --- Autofilled ---
     297
     298    tokenizer_class = Tokenizer
     299    parser_class = Parser
     300    generator_class = Generator
     301
     302    # A trie of the time_mapping keys
     303    TIME_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
     304    FORMAT_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
     305
     306    INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
     307    INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
     308
     309    ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
     310
     311    # Delimiters for string literals and identifiers
     312    QUOTE_START = "'"
     313    QUOTE_END = "'"
     314    IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
     315    IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
     316
     317    # Delimiters for bit, hex, byte and unicode literals
     318    BIT_START: t.Optional[str] = None
     319    BIT_END: t.Optional[str] = None
     320    HEX_START: t.Optional[str] = None
     321    HEX_END: t.Optional[str] = None
     322    BYTE_START: t.Optional[str] = None
     323    BYTE_END: t.Optional[str] = None
     324    UNICODE_START: t.Optional[str] = None
     325    UNICODE_END: t.Optional[str] = None
     326
     327    # Separator of COPY statement parameters
     328    COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV = True
     329
     330    @classmethod
     331    def get_or_raise(cls, dialect: DialectType) -> Dialect:
     332        """
     333        Look up a dialect in the global dialect registry and return it if it exists.
     334
     335        Args:
     336            dialect: The target dialect. If this is a string, it can be optionally followed by
     337                additional key-value pairs that are separated by commas and are used to specify
     338                dialect settings, such as whether the dialect's identifiers are case-sensitive.
     339
     340        Example:
     341            >>> dialect = dialect_class = get_or_raise("duckdb")
     342            >>> dialect = get_or_raise("mysql, normalization_strategy = case_sensitive")
     343
     344        Returns:
     345            The corresponding Dialect instance.
     346        """
     347
     348        if not dialect:
     349            return cls()
     350        if isinstance(dialect, _Dialect):
     351            return dialect()
     352        if isinstance(dialect, Dialect):
     353            return dialect
     354        if isinstance(dialect, str):
     355            try:
     356                dialect_name, *kv_pairs = dialect.split(",")
     357                kwargs = {k.strip(): v.strip() for k, v in (kv.split("=") for kv in kv_pairs)}
     358            except ValueError:
     359                raise ValueError(
     360                    f"Invalid dialect format: '{dialect}'. "
     361                    "Please use the correct format: 'dialect [, k1 = v2 [, ...]]'."
     362                )
     363
     364            result = cls.get(dialect_name.strip())
     365            if not result:
     366                from difflib import get_close_matches
     367
     368                similar = seq_get(get_close_matches(dialect_name, cls.classes, n=1), 0) or ""
     369                if similar:
     370                    similar = f" Did you mean {similar}?"
     371
     372                raise ValueError(f"Unknown dialect '{dialect_name}'.{similar}")
     373
     374            return result(**kwargs)
     375
     376        raise ValueError(f"Invalid dialect type for '{dialect}': '{type(dialect)}'.")
     377
     378    @classmethod
     379    def format_time(
     380        cls, expression: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression]
     381    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     382        """Converts a time format in this dialect to its equivalent Python `strftime` format."""
     383        if isinstance(expression, str):
     384            return exp.Literal.string(
     385                # the time formats are quoted
     386                format_time(expression[1:-1], cls.TIME_MAPPING, cls.TIME_TRIE)
     387            )
     388
     389        if expression and expression.is_string:
     390            return exp.Literal.string(format_time(expression.this, cls.TIME_MAPPING, cls.TIME_TRIE))
     391
     392        return expression
     393
     394    def __init__(self, **kwargs) -> None:
     395        normalization_strategy = kwargs.get("normalization_strategy")
     396
     397        if normalization_strategy is None:
     398            self.normalization_strategy = self.NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY
     399        else:
     400            self.normalization_strategy = NormalizationStrategy(normalization_strategy.upper())
     401
     402    def __eq__(self, other: t.Any) -> bool:
     403        # Does not currently take dialect state into account
     404        return type(self) == other
     405
     406    def __hash__(self) -> int:
     407        # Does not currently take dialect state into account
     408        return hash(type(self))
     409
     410    def normalize_identifier(self, expression: E) -> E:
     411        """
     412        Transforms an identifier in a way that resembles how it'd be resolved by this dialect.
     413
     414        For example, an identifier like `FoO` would be resolved as `foo` in Postgres, because it
     415        lowercases all unquoted identifiers. On the other hand, Snowflake uppercases them, so
     416        it would resolve it as `FOO`. If it was quoted, it'd need to be treated as case-sensitive,
     417        and so any normalization would be prohibited in order to avoid "breaking" the identifier.
     418
     419        There are also dialects like Spark, which are case-insensitive even when quotes are
     420        present, and dialects like MySQL, whose resolution rules match those employed by the
     421        underlying operating system, for example they may always be case-sensitive in Linux.
     422
     423        Finally, the normalization behavior of some engines can even be controlled through flags,
     424        like in Redshift's case, where users can explicitly set enable_case_sensitive_identifier.
     425
     426        SQLGlot aims to understand and handle all of these different behaviors gracefully, so
     427        that it can analyze queries in the optimizer and successfully capture their semantics.
     428        """
     429        if (
     430            isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier)
     431            and self.normalization_strategy is not NormalizationStrategy.CASE_SENSITIVE
     432            and (
     433                not expression.quoted
     434                or self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
     435            )
     436        ):
     437            expression.set(
     438                "this",
     439                (
     440                    expression.this.upper()
     441                    if self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.UPPERCASE
     442                    else expression.this.lower()
     443                ),
     444            )
     445
     446        return expression
     447
     448    def case_sensitive(self, text: str) -> bool:
     449        """Checks if text contains any case sensitive characters, based on the dialect's rules."""
     450        if self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE:
     451            return False
     452
     453        unsafe = (
     454            str.islower
     455            if self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.UPPERCASE
     456            else str.isupper
     457        )
     458        return any(unsafe(char) for char in text)
     459
     460    def can_identify(self, text: str, identify: str | bool = "safe") -> bool:
     461        """Checks if text can be identified given an identify option.
     462
     463        Args:
     464            text: The text to check.
     465            identify:
     466                `"always"` or `True`: Always returns `True`.
     467                `"safe"`: Only returns `True` if the identifier is case-insensitive.
     468
     469        Returns:
     470            Whether the given text can be identified.
     471        """
     472        if identify is True or identify == "always":
     473            return True
     474
     475        if identify == "safe":
     476            return not self.case_sensitive(text)
     477
     478        return False
     479
     480    def quote_identifier(self, expression: E, identify: bool = True) -> E:
     481        """
     482        Adds quotes to a given identifier.
     483
     484        Args:
     485            expression: The expression of interest. If it's not an `Identifier`, this method is a no-op.
     486            identify: If set to `False`, the quotes will only be added if the identifier is deemed
     487                "unsafe", with respect to its characters and this dialect's normalization strategy.
     488        """
     489        if isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier) and not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Func):
     490            name = expression.this
     491            expression.set(
     492                "quoted",
     493                identify or self.case_sensitive(name) or not exp.SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(name),
     494            )
     495
     496        return expression
     497
     498    def to_json_path(self, path: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     499        if isinstance(path, exp.Literal):
     500            path_text = path.name
     501            if path.is_number:
     502                path_text = f"[{path_text}]"
     503
     504            try:
     505                return parse_json_path(path_text)
     506            except ParseError as e:
     507                logger.warning(f"Invalid JSON path syntax. {str(e)}")
     508
     509        return path
     510
     511    def parse(self, sql: str, **opts) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
     512        return self.parser(**opts).parse(self.tokenize(sql), sql)
     513
     514    def parse_into(
     515        self, expression_type: exp.IntoType, sql: str, **opts
     516    ) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
     517        return self.parser(**opts).parse_into(expression_type, self.tokenize(sql), sql)
     518
     519    def generate(self, expression: exp.Expression, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> str:
     520        return self.generator(**opts).generate(expression, copy=copy)
     521
     522    def transpile(self, sql: str, **opts) -> t.List[str]:
     523        return [
     524            self.generate(expression, copy=False, **opts) if expression else ""
     525            for expression in self.parse(sql)
     526        ]
     527
     528    def tokenize(self, sql: str) -> t.List[Token]:
     529        return self.tokenizer.tokenize(sql)
     530
     531    @property
     532    def tokenizer(self) -> Tokenizer:
     533        if not hasattr(self, "_tokenizer"):
     534            self._tokenizer = self.tokenizer_class(dialect=self)
     535        return self._tokenizer
     536
     537    def parser(self, **opts) -> Parser:
     538        return self.parser_class(dialect=self, **opts)
     539
     540    def generator(self, **opts) -> Generator:
     541        return self.generator_class(dialect=self, **opts)
     542
     543
     544DialectType = t.Union[str, Dialect, t.Type[Dialect], None]
     545
     546
     547def rename_func(name: str) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.Expression], str]:
     548    return lambda self, expression: self.func(name, *flatten(expression.args.values()))
     549
     550
     551def approx_count_distinct_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ApproxDistinct) -> str:
     552    if expression.args.get("accuracy"):
     553        self.unsupported("APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT does not support accuracy")
     554    return self.func("APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT", expression.this)
     555
     556
     557def if_sql(
     558    name: str = "IF", false_value: t.Optional[exp.Expression | str] = None
     559) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.If], str]:
     560    def _if_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.If) -> str:
     561        return self.func(
     562            name,
     563            expression.this,
     564            expression.args.get("true"),
     565            expression.args.get("false") or false_value,
     566        )
     567
     568    return _if_sql
     569
     570
     571def arrow_json_extract_sql(self: Generator, expression: JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE) -> str:
     572    this = expression.this
     573    if self.JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION and isinstance(this, exp.Literal) and this.is_string:
     574        this.replace(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.JSON))
     575
     576    return self.binary(expression, "->" if isinstance(expression, exp.JSONExtract) else "->>")
     577
     578
     579def inline_array_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
     580    return f"[{self.expressions(expression, dynamic=True, new_line=True, skip_first=True, skip_last=True)}]"
     581
     582
     583def inline_array_unless_query(self: Generator, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
     584    elem = seq_get(expression.expressions, 0)
     585    if isinstance(elem, exp.Expression) and elem.find(exp.Query):
     586        return self.func("ARRAY", elem)
     587    return inline_array_sql(self, expression)
     588
     589
     590def no_ilike_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ILike) -> str:
     591    return self.like_sql(
     592        exp.Like(this=exp.Lower(this=expression.this), expression=expression.expression)
     593    )
     594
     595
     596def no_paren_current_date_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.CurrentDate) -> str:
     597    zone = self.sql(expression, "this")
     598    return f"CURRENT_DATE AT TIME ZONE {zone}" if zone else "CURRENT_DATE"
     599
     600
     601def no_recursive_cte_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.With) -> str:
     602    if expression.args.get("recursive"):
     603        self.unsupported("Recursive CTEs are unsupported")
     604        expression.args["recursive"] = False
     605    return self.with_sql(expression)
     606
     607
     608def no_safe_divide_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.SafeDivide) -> str:
     609    n = self.sql(expression, "this")
     610    d = self.sql(expression, "expression")
     611    return f"IF(({d}) <> 0, ({n}) / ({d}), NULL)"
     612
     613
     614def no_tablesample_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TableSample) -> str:
     615    self.unsupported("TABLESAMPLE unsupported")
     616    return self.sql(expression.this)
     617
     618
     619def no_pivot_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Pivot) -> str:
     620    self.unsupported("PIVOT unsupported")
     621    return ""
     622
     623
     624def no_trycast_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str:
     625    return self.cast_sql(expression)
     626
     627
     628def no_comment_column_constraint_sql(
     629    self: Generator, expression: exp.CommentColumnConstraint
     630) -> str:
     631    self.unsupported("CommentColumnConstraint unsupported")
     632    return ""
     633
     634
     635def no_map_from_entries_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.MapFromEntries) -> str:
     636    self.unsupported("MAP_FROM_ENTRIES unsupported")
     637    return ""
     638
     639
     640def str_position_sql(
     641    self: Generator, expression: exp.StrPosition, generate_instance: bool = False
     642) -> str:
     643    this = self.sql(expression, "this")
     644    substr = self.sql(expression, "substr")
     645    position = self.sql(expression, "position")
     646    instance = expression.args.get("instance") if generate_instance else None
     647    position_offset = ""
     648
     649    if position:
     650        # Normalize third 'pos' argument into 'SUBSTR(..) + offset' across dialects
     651        this = self.func("SUBSTR", this, position)
     652        position_offset = f" + {position} - 1"
     653
     654    return self.func("STRPOS", this, substr, instance) + position_offset
     655
     656
     657def struct_extract_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.StructExtract) -> str:
     658    return (
     659        f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}.{self.sql(exp.to_identifier(expression.expression.name))}"
     660    )
     661
     662
     663def var_map_sql(
     664    self: Generator, expression: exp.Map | exp.VarMap, map_func_name: str = "MAP"
     665) -> str:
     666    keys = expression.args["keys"]
     667    values = expression.args["values"]
     668
     669    if not isinstance(keys, exp.Array) or not isinstance(values, exp.Array):
     670        self.unsupported("Cannot convert array columns into map.")
     671        return self.func(map_func_name, keys, values)
     672
     673    args = []
     674    for key, value in zip(keys.expressions, values.expressions):
     675        args.append(self.sql(key))
     676        args.append(self.sql(value))
     677
     678    return self.func(map_func_name, *args)
     679
     680
     681def build_formatted_time(
     682    exp_class: t.Type[E], dialect: str, default: t.Optional[bool | str] = None
     683) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
     684    """Helper used for time expressions.
     685
     686    Args:
     687        exp_class: the expression class to instantiate.
     688        dialect: target sql dialect.
     689        default: the default format, True being time.
     690
     691    Returns:
     692        A callable that can be used to return the appropriately formatted time expression.
     693    """
     694
     695    def _builder(args: t.List):
     696        return exp_class(
     697            this=seq_get(args, 0),
     698            format=Dialect[dialect].format_time(
     699                seq_get(args, 1)
     700                or (Dialect[dialect].TIME_FORMAT if default is True else default or None)
     701            ),
     702        )
     703
     704    return _builder
     705
     706
     707def time_format(
     708    dialect: DialectType = None,
     709) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.UnixToStr | exp.StrToUnix], t.Optional[str]]:
     710    def _time_format(self: Generator, expression: exp.UnixToStr | exp.StrToUnix) -> t.Optional[str]:
     711        """
     712        Returns the time format for a given expression, unless it's equivalent
     713        to the default time format of the dialect of interest.
     714        """
     715        time_format = self.format_time(expression)
     716        return time_format if time_format != Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect).TIME_FORMAT else None
     717
     718    return _time_format
     719
     720
     721def build_date_delta(
     722    exp_class: t.Type[E], unit_mapping: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, str]] = None
     723) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
     724    def _builder(args: t.List) -> E:
     725        unit_based = len(args) == 3
     726        this = args[2] if unit_based else seq_get(args, 0)
     727        unit = args[0] if unit_based else exp.Literal.string("DAY")
     728        unit = exp.var(unit_mapping.get(unit.name.lower(), unit.name)) if unit_mapping else unit
     729        return exp_class(this=this, expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=unit)
     730
     731    return _builder
     732
     733
     734def build_date_delta_with_interval(
     735    expression_class: t.Type[E],
     736) -> t.Callable[[t.List], t.Optional[E]]:
     737    def _builder(args: t.List) -> t.Optional[E]:
     738        if len(args) < 2:
     739            return None
     740
     741        interval = args[1]
     742
     743        if not isinstance(interval, exp.Interval):
     744            raise ParseError(f"INTERVAL expression expected but got '{interval}'")
     745
     746        expression = interval.this
     747        if expression and expression.is_string:
     748            expression = exp.Literal.number(expression.this)
     749
     750        return expression_class(this=args[0], expression=expression, unit=unit_to_str(interval))
     751
     752    return _builder
     753
     754
     755def date_trunc_to_time(args: t.List) -> exp.DateTrunc | exp.TimestampTrunc:
     756    unit = seq_get(args, 0)
     757    this = seq_get(args, 1)
     758
     759    if isinstance(this, exp.Cast) and this.is_type("date"):
     760        return exp.DateTrunc(unit=unit, this=this)
     761    return exp.TimestampTrunc(this=this, unit=unit)
     762
     763
     764def date_add_interval_sql(
     765    data_type: str, kind: str
     766) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.Expression], str]:
     767    def func(self: Generator, expression: exp.Expression) -> str:
     768        this = self.sql(expression, "this")
     769        interval = exp.Interval(this=expression.expression, unit=unit_to_var(expression))
     770        return f"{data_type}_{kind}({this}, {self.sql(interval)})"
     771
     772    return func
     773
     774
     775def timestamptrunc_sql(zone: bool = False) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.TimestampTrunc], str]:
     776    def _timestamptrunc_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TimestampTrunc) -> str:
     777        args = [unit_to_str(expression), expression.this]
     778        if zone:
     779            args.append(expression.args.get("zone"))
     780        return self.func("DATE_TRUNC", *args)
     781
     782    return _timestamptrunc_sql
     783
     784
     785def no_timestamp_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Timestamp) -> str:
     786    if not expression.expression:
     787        from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
     788
     789        target_type = annotate_types(expression).type or exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP
     790        return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, target_type))
     791    if expression.text("expression").lower() in TIMEZONES:
     792        return self.sql(
     793            exp.AtTimeZone(
     794                this=exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
     795                zone=expression.expression,
     796            )
     797        )
     798    return self.func("TIMESTAMP", expression.this, expression.expression)
     799
     800
     801def locate_to_strposition(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
     802    return exp.StrPosition(
     803        this=seq_get(args, 1), substr=seq_get(args, 0), position=seq_get(args, 2)
     804    )
     805
     806
     807def strposition_to_locate_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.StrPosition) -> str:
     808    return self.func(
     809        "LOCATE", expression.args.get("substr"), expression.this, expression.args.get("position")
     810    )
     811
     812
     813def left_to_substring_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
     814    return self.sql(
     815        exp.Substring(
     816            this=expression.this, start=exp.Literal.number(1), length=expression.expression
     817        )
     818    )
     819
     820
     821def right_to_substring_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
     822    return self.sql(
     823        exp.Substring(
     824            this=expression.this,
     825            start=exp.Length(this=expression.this) - exp.paren(expression.expression - 1),
     826        )
     827    )
     828
     829
     830def timestrtotime_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TimeStrToTime) -> str:
     831    return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP))
     832
     833
     834def datestrtodate_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.DateStrToDate) -> str:
     835    return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE))
     836
     837
     838# Used for Presto and Duckdb which use functions that don't support charset, and assume utf-8
     839def encode_decode_sql(
     840    self: Generator, expression: exp.Expression, name: str, replace: bool = True
     841) -> str:
     842    charset = expression.args.get("charset")
     843    if charset and charset.name.lower() != "utf-8":
     844        self.unsupported(f"Expected utf-8 character set, got {charset}.")
     845
     846    return self.func(name, expression.this, expression.args.get("replace") if replace else None)
     847
     848
     849def min_or_least(self: Generator, expression: exp.Min) -> str:
     850    name = "LEAST" if expression.expressions else "MIN"
     851    return rename_func(name)(self, expression)
     852
     853
     854def max_or_greatest(self: Generator, expression: exp.Max) -> str:
     855    name = "GREATEST" if expression.expressions else "MAX"
     856    return rename_func(name)(self, expression)
     857
     858
     859def count_if_to_sum(self: Generator, expression: exp.CountIf) -> str:
     860    cond = expression.this
     861
     862    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Distinct):
     863        cond = expression.this.expressions[0]
     864        self.unsupported("DISTINCT is not supported when converting COUNT_IF to SUM")
     865
     866    return self.func("sum", exp.func("if", cond, 1, 0))
     867
     868
     869def trim_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Trim) -> str:
     870    target = self.sql(expression, "this")
     871    trim_type = self.sql(expression, "position")
     872    remove_chars = self.sql(expression, "expression")
     873    collation = self.sql(expression, "collation")
     874
     875    # Use TRIM/LTRIM/RTRIM syntax if the expression isn't database-specific
     876    if not remove_chars and not collation:
     877        return self.trim_sql(expression)
     878
     879    trim_type = f"{trim_type} " if trim_type else ""
     880    remove_chars = f"{remove_chars} " if remove_chars else ""
     881    from_part = "FROM " if trim_type or remove_chars else ""
     882    collation = f" COLLATE {collation}" if collation else ""
     883    return f"TRIM({trim_type}{remove_chars}{from_part}{target}{collation})"
     884
     885
     886def str_to_time_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Expression) -> str:
     887    return self.func("STRPTIME", expression.this, self.format_time(expression))
     888
     889
     890def concat_to_dpipe_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Concat) -> str:
     891    return self.sql(reduce(lambda x, y: exp.DPipe(this=x, expression=y), expression.expressions))
     892
     893
     894def concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ConcatWs) -> str:
     895    delim, *rest_args = expression.expressions
     896    return self.sql(
     897        reduce(
     898            lambda x, y: exp.DPipe(this=x, expression=exp.DPipe(this=delim, expression=y)),
     899            rest_args,
     900        )
     901    )
     902
     903
     904def regexp_extract_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.RegexpExtract) -> str:
     905    bad_args = list(filter(expression.args.get, ("position", "occurrence", "parameters")))
     906    if bad_args:
     907        self.unsupported(f"REGEXP_EXTRACT does not support the following arg(s): {bad_args}")
     908
     909    return self.func(
     910        "REGEXP_EXTRACT", expression.this, expression.expression, expression.args.get("group")
     911    )
     912
     913
     914def regexp_replace_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.RegexpReplace) -> str:
     915    bad_args = list(filter(expression.args.get, ("position", "occurrence", "modifiers")))
     916    if bad_args:
     917        self.unsupported(f"REGEXP_REPLACE does not support the following arg(s): {bad_args}")
     918
     919    return self.func(
     920        "REGEXP_REPLACE", expression.this, expression.expression, expression.args["replacement"]
     921    )
     922
     923
     924def pivot_column_names(aggregations: t.List[exp.Expression], dialect: DialectType) -> t.List[str]:
     925    names = []
     926    for agg in aggregations:
     927        if isinstance(agg, exp.Alias):
     928            names.append(agg.alias)
     929        else:
     930            """
     931            This case corresponds to aggregations without aliases being used as suffixes
     932            (e.g. col_avg(foo)). We need to unquote identifiers because they're going to
     933            be quoted in the base parser's `_parse_pivot` method, due to `to_identifier`.
     934            Otherwise, we'd end up with `col_avg(`foo`)` (notice the double quotes).
     935            """
     936            agg_all_unquoted = agg.transform(
     937                lambda node: (
     938                    exp.Identifier(this=node.name, quoted=False)
     939                    if isinstance(node, exp.Identifier)
     940                    else node
     941                )
     942            )
     943            names.append(agg_all_unquoted.sql(dialect=dialect, normalize_functions="lower"))
     944
     945    return names
     946
     947
     948def binary_from_function(expr_type: t.Type[B]) -> t.Callable[[t.List], B]:
     949    return lambda args: expr_type(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1))
     950
     951
     952# Used to represent DATE_TRUNC in Doris, Postgres and Starrocks dialects
     953def build_timestamp_trunc(args: t.List) -> exp.TimestampTrunc:
     954    return exp.TimestampTrunc(this=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0))
     955
     956
     957def any_value_to_max_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.AnyValue) -> str:
     958    return self.func("MAX", expression.this)
     959
     960
     961def bool_xor_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Xor) -> str:
     962    a = self.sql(expression.left)
     963    b = self.sql(expression.right)
     964    return f"({a} AND (NOT {b})) OR ((NOT {a}) AND {b})"
     965
     966
     967def is_parse_json(expression: exp.Expression) -> bool:
     968    return isinstance(expression, exp.ParseJSON) or (
     969        isinstance(expression, exp.Cast) and expression.is_type("json")
     970    )
     971
     972
     973def isnull_to_is_null(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
     974    return exp.Paren(this=exp.Is(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.null()))
     975
     976
     977def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql(
     978    self: Generator, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint
     979) -> str:
     980    start = self.sql(expression, "start") or "1"
     981    increment = self.sql(expression, "increment") or "1"
     982    return f"IDENTITY({start}, {increment})"
     983
     984
     985def arg_max_or_min_no_count(name: str) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.ArgMax | exp.ArgMin], str]:
     986    def _arg_max_or_min_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ArgMax | exp.ArgMin) -> str:
     987        if expression.args.get("count"):
     988            self.unsupported(f"Only two arguments are supported in function {name}.")
     989
     990        return self.func(name, expression.this, expression.expression)
     991
     992    return _arg_max_or_min_sql
     993
     994
     995def ts_or_ds_add_cast(expression: exp.TsOrDsAdd) -> exp.TsOrDsAdd:
     996    this = expression.this.copy()
     997
     998    return_type = expression.return_type
     999    if return_type.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.DATE):
    1000        # If we need to cast to a DATE, we cast to TIMESTAMP first to make sure we
    1001        # can truncate timestamp strings, because some dialects can't cast them to DATE
    1002        this = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
    1003
    1004    expression.this.replace(exp.cast(this, return_type))
    1005    return expression
    1006
    1007
    1008def date_delta_sql(name: str, cast: bool = False) -> t.Callable[[Generator, DATE_ADD_OR_DIFF], str]:
    1009    def _delta_sql(self: Generator, expression: DATE_ADD_OR_DIFF) -> str:
    1010        if cast and isinstance(expression, exp.TsOrDsAdd):
    1011            expression = ts_or_ds_add_cast(expression)
    1012
    1013        return self.func(
    1014            name,
    1015            unit_to_var(expression),
    1016            expression.expression,
    1017            expression.this,
    1018        )
    1019
    1020    return _delta_sql
    1021
    1022
    1023def unit_to_str(expression: exp.Expression, default: str = "DAY") -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    1024    unit = expression.args.get("unit")
    1025
    1026    if isinstance(unit, exp.Placeholder):
    1027        return unit
    1028    if unit:
    1029        return exp.Literal.string(unit.name)
    1030    return exp.Literal.string(default) if default else None
    1031
    1032
    1033def unit_to_var(expression: exp.Expression, default: str = "DAY") -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    1034    unit = expression.args.get("unit")
    1035
    1036    if isinstance(unit, (exp.Var, exp.Placeholder)):
    1037        return unit
    1038    return exp.Var(this=default) if default else None
    1039
    1040
    1041def no_last_day_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.LastDay) -> str:
    1042    trunc_curr_date = exp.func("date_trunc", "month", expression.this)
    1043    plus_one_month = exp.func("date_add", trunc_curr_date, 1, "month")
    1044    minus_one_day = exp.func("date_sub", plus_one_month, 1, "day")
    1045
    1046    return self.sql(exp.cast(minus_one_day, exp.DataType.Type.DATE))
    1047
    1048
    1049def merge_without_target_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Merge) -> str:
    1050    """Remove table refs from columns in when statements."""
    1051    alias = expression.this.args.get("alias")
    1052
    1053    def normalize(identifier: t.Optional[exp.Identifier]) -> t.Optional[str]:
    1054        return self.dialect.normalize_identifier(identifier).name if identifier else None
    1055
    1056    targets = {normalize(expression.this.this)}
    1057
    1058    if alias:
    1059        targets.add(normalize(alias.this))
    1060
    1061    for when in expression.expressions:
    1062        when.transform(
    1063            lambda node: (
    1064                exp.column(node.this)
    1065                if isinstance(node, exp.Column) and normalize(node.args.get("table")) in targets
    1066                else node
    1067            ),
    1068            copy=False,
    1069        )
    1070
    1071    return self.merge_sql(expression)
    1072
    1073
    1074def build_json_extract_path(
    1075    expr_type: t.Type[F], zero_based_indexing: bool = True, arrow_req_json_type: bool = False
    1076) -> t.Callable[[t.List], F]:
    1077    def _builder(args: t.List) -> F:
    1078        segments: t.List[exp.JSONPathPart] = [exp.JSONPathRoot()]
    1079        for arg in args[1:]:
    1080            if not isinstance(arg, exp.Literal):
    1081                # We use the fallback parser because we can't really transpile non-literals safely
    1082                return expr_type.from_arg_list(args)
    1083
    1084            text = arg.name
    1085            if is_int(text):
    1086                index = int(text)
    1087                segments.append(
    1088                    exp.JSONPathSubscript(this=index if zero_based_indexing else index - 1)
    1089                )
    1090            else:
    1091                segments.append(exp.JSONPathKey(this=text))
    1092
    1093        # This is done to avoid failing in the expression validator due to the arg count
    1094        del args[2:]
    1095        return expr_type(
    1096            this=seq_get(args, 0),
    1097            expression=exp.JSONPath(expressions=segments),
    1098            only_json_types=arrow_req_json_type,
    1099        )
    1100
    1101    return _builder
    1102
    1103
    1104def json_extract_segments(
    1105    name: str, quoted_index: bool = True, op: t.Optional[str] = None
    1106) -> t.Callable[[Generator, JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE], str]:
    1107    def _json_extract_segments(self: Generator, expression: JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE) -> str:
    1108        path = expression.expression
    1109        if not isinstance(path, exp.JSONPath):
    1110            return rename_func(name)(self, expression)
    1111
    1112        segments = []
    1113        for segment in path.expressions:
    1114            path = self.sql(segment)
    1115            if path:
    1116                if isinstance(segment, exp.JSONPathPart) and (
    1117                    quoted_index or not isinstance(segment, exp.JSONPathSubscript)
    1118                ):
    1119                    path = f"{self.dialect.QUOTE_START}{path}{self.dialect.QUOTE_END}"
    1120
    1121                segments.append(path)
    1122
    1123        if op:
    1124            return f" {op} ".join([self.sql(expression.this), *segments])
    1125        return self.func(name, expression.this, *segments)
    1126
    1127    return _json_extract_segments
    1128
    1129
    1130def json_path_key_only_name(self: Generator, expression: exp.JSONPathKey) -> str:
    1131    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.JSONPathWildcard):
    1132        self.unsupported("Unsupported wildcard in JSONPathKey expression")
    1133
    1134    return expression.name
    1135
    1136
    1137def filter_array_using_unnest(self: Generator, expression: exp.ArrayFilter) -> str:
    1138    cond = expression.expression
    1139    if isinstance(cond, exp.Lambda) and len(cond.expressions) == 1:
    1140        alias = cond.expressions[0]
    1141        cond = cond.this
    1142    elif isinstance(cond, exp.Predicate):
    1143        alias = "_u"
    1144    else:
    1145        self.unsupported("Unsupported filter condition")
    1146        return ""
    1147
    1148    unnest = exp.Unnest(expressions=[expression.this])
    1149    filtered = exp.select(alias).from_(exp.alias_(unnest, None, table=[alias])).where(cond)
    1150    return self.sql(exp.Array(expressions=[filtered]))
    1151
    1152
    1153def to_number_with_nls_param(self: Generator, expression: exp.ToNumber) -> str:
    1154    return self.func(
    1155        "TO_NUMBER",
    1156        expression.this,
    1157        expression.args.get("format"),
    1158        expression.args.get("nlsparam"),
    1159    )
    1160
    1161
    1162def build_default_decimal_type(
    1163    precision: t.Optional[int] = None, scale: t.Optional[int] = None
    1164) -> t.Callable[[exp.DataType], exp.DataType]:
    1165    def _builder(dtype: exp.DataType) -> exp.DataType:
    1166        if dtype.expressions or precision is None:
    1167            return dtype
    1168
    1169        params = f"{precision}{f', {scale}' if scale is not None else ''}"
    1170        return exp.DataType.build(f"DECIMAL({params})")
    1171
    1172    return _builder

DATE_ADD_OR_DIFF = typing.Union[sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd, sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd, sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff, sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff]
DATE_ADD_OR_SUB = typing.Union[sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd, sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd, sqlglot.expressions.DateSub]
JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE = typing.Union[sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract, sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar]
logger = <Logger sqlglot (WARNING)>
class Dialects(builtins.str, enum.Enum): View Source

    30class Dialects(str, Enum):
    31    """Dialects supported by SQLGLot."""
    32
    33    DIALECT = ""
    34
    35    ATHENA = "athena"
    36    BIGQUERY = "bigquery"
    37    CLICKHOUSE = "clickhouse"
    38    DATABRICKS = "databricks"
    39    DORIS = "doris"
    40    DRILL = "drill"
    41    DUCKDB = "duckdb"
    42    HIVE = "hive"
    43    MYSQL = "mysql"
    44    ORACLE = "oracle"
    45    POSTGRES = "postgres"
    46    PRESTO = "presto"
    47    PRQL = "prql"
    48    REDSHIFT = "redshift"
    49    SNOWFLAKE = "snowflake"
    50    SPARK = "spark"
    51    SPARK2 = "spark2"
    52    SQLITE = "sqlite"
    53    STARROCKS = "starrocks"
    54    TABLEAU = "tableau"
    55    TERADATA = "teradata"
    56    TRINO = "trino"
    57    TSQL = "tsql"

Dialects supported by SQLGLot.

DIALECT = <Dialects.DIALECT: ''>
ATHENA = <Dialects.ATHENA: 'athena'>
BIGQUERY = <Dialects.BIGQUERY: 'bigquery'>
CLICKHOUSE = <Dialects.CLICKHOUSE: 'clickhouse'>
DATABRICKS = <Dialects.DATABRICKS: 'databricks'>
DORIS = <Dialects.DORIS: 'doris'>
DRILL = <Dialects.DRILL: 'drill'>
DUCKDB = <Dialects.DUCKDB: 'duckdb'>
HIVE = <Dialects.HIVE: 'hive'>
MYSQL = <Dialects.MYSQL: 'mysql'>
ORACLE = <Dialects.ORACLE: 'oracle'>
POSTGRES = <Dialects.POSTGRES: 'postgres'>
PRESTO = <Dialects.PRESTO: 'presto'>
PRQL = <Dialects.PRQL: 'prql'>
REDSHIFT = <Dialects.REDSHIFT: 'redshift'>
SNOWFLAKE = <Dialects.SNOWFLAKE: 'snowflake'>
SPARK = <Dialects.SPARK: 'spark'>
SPARK2 = <Dialects.SPARK2: 'spark2'>
SQLITE = <Dialects.SQLITE: 'sqlite'>
STARROCKS = <Dialects.STARROCKS: 'starrocks'>
TABLEAU = <Dialects.TABLEAU: 'tableau'>
TERADATA = <Dialects.TERADATA: 'teradata'>
TRINO = <Dialects.TRINO: 'trino'>
TSQL = <Dialects.TSQL: 'tsql'>

##### Inherited Members

enum.Enum
  name
  value
builtins.str
  encode
  replace
  split
  rsplit
  join
  capitalize
  casefold
  title
  center
  count
  expandtabs
  find
  partition
  index
  ljust
  lower
  lstrip
  rfind
  rindex
  rjust
  rstrip
  rpartition
  splitlines
  strip
  swapcase
  translate
  upper
  startswith
  endswith
  removeprefix
  removesuffix
  isascii
  islower
  isupper
  istitle
  isspace
  isdecimal
  isdigit
  isnumeric
  isalpha
  isalnum
  isidentifier
  isprintable
  zfill
  format
  format_map
  maketrans

class NormalizationStrategy(builtins.str, sqlglot.helper.AutoName): View Source

    60class NormalizationStrategy(str, AutoName):
    61    """Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized."""
    62
    63    LOWERCASE = auto()
    64    """Unquoted identifiers are lowercased."""
    65
    66    UPPERCASE = auto()
    67    """Unquoted identifiers are uppercased."""
    68
    69    CASE_SENSITIVE = auto()
    70    """Always case-sensitive, regardless of quotes."""
    71
    72    CASE_INSENSITIVE = auto()
    73    """Always case-insensitive, regardless of quotes."""

Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized.

LOWERCASE = <NormalizationStrategy.LOWERCASE: 'LOWERCASE'>

Unquoted identifiers are lowercased.

UPPERCASE = <NormalizationStrategy.UPPERCASE: 'UPPERCASE'>

Unquoted identifiers are uppercased.

CASE_SENSITIVE = <NormalizationStrategy.CASE_SENSITIVE: 'CASE_SENSITIVE'>

Always case-sensitive, regardless of quotes.

CASE_INSENSITIVE = <NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE: 'CASE_INSENSITIVE'>

Always case-insensitive, regardless of quotes.

##### Inherited Members

enum.Enum
  name
  value
builtins.str
  encode
  replace
  split
  rsplit
  join
  capitalize
  casefold
  title
  center
  count
  expandtabs
  find
  partition
  index
  ljust
  lower
  lstrip
  rfind
  rindex
  rjust
  rstrip
  rpartition
  splitlines
  strip
  swapcase
  translate
  upper
  startswith
  endswith
  removeprefix
  removesuffix
  isascii
  islower
  isupper
  istitle
  isspace
  isdecimal
  isdigit
  isnumeric
  isalpha
  isalnum
  isidentifier
  isprintable
  zfill
  format
  format_map
  maketrans

class Dialect: View Source

    184class Dialect(metaclass=_Dialect):
    185    INDEX_OFFSET = 0
    186    """The base index offset for arrays."""
    187
    188    WEEK_OFFSET = 0
    189    """First day of the week in DATE_TRUNC(week). Defaults to 0 (Monday). -1 would be Sunday."""
    190
    191    UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY = False
    192    """Whether `UNNEST` table aliases are treated as column aliases."""
    193
    194    ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE = False
    195    """Whether the table alias comes after tablesample."""
    196
    197    TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = False
    198    """Whether a size in the table sample clause represents percentage."""
    199
    200    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.LOWERCASE
    201    """Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized."""
    202
    203    IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT = False
    204    """Whether an unquoted identifier can start with a digit."""
    205
    206    DPIPE_IS_STRING_CONCAT = True
    207    """Whether the DPIPE token (`||`) is a string concatenation operator."""
    208
    209    STRICT_STRING_CONCAT = False
    210    """Whether `CONCAT`'s arguments must be strings."""
    211
    212    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = True
    213    """Whether user-defined data types are supported."""
    214
    215    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = True
    216    """Whether `SEMI` or `ANTI` joins are supported."""
    217
    218    NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS: bool | str = "upper"
    219    """
    220    Determines how function names are going to be normalized.
    221    Possible values:
    222        "upper" or True: Convert names to uppercase.
    223        "lower": Convert names to lowercase.
    224        False: Disables function name normalization.
    225    """
    226
    227    LOG_BASE_FIRST: t.Optional[bool] = True
    228    """
    229    Whether the base comes first in the `LOG` function.
    230    Possible values: `True`, `False`, `None` (two arguments are not supported by `LOG`)
    231    """
    232
    233    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_small"
    234    """
    235    Default `NULL` ordering method to use if not explicitly set.
    236    Possible values: `"nulls_are_small"`, `"nulls_are_large"`, `"nulls_are_last"`
    237    """
    238
    239    TYPED_DIVISION = False
    240    """
    241    Whether the behavior of `a / b` depends on the types of `a` and `b`.
    242    False means `a / b` is always float division.
    243    True means `a / b` is integer division if both `a` and `b` are integers.
    244    """
    245
    246    SAFE_DIVISION = False
    247    """Whether division by zero throws an error (`False`) or returns NULL (`True`)."""
    248
    249    CONCAT_COALESCE = False
    250    """A `NULL` arg in `CONCAT` yields `NULL` by default, but in some dialects it yields an empty string."""
    251
    252    HEX_LOWERCASE = False
    253    """Whether the `HEX` function returns a lowercase hexadecimal string."""
    254
    255    DATE_FORMAT = "'%Y-%m-%d'"
    256    DATEINT_FORMAT = "'%Y%m%d'"
    257    TIME_FORMAT = "'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'"
    258
    259    TIME_MAPPING: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
    260    """Associates this dialect's time formats with their equivalent Python `strftime` formats."""
    261
    262    # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/format-elements#format_model_rules_date_time
    263    # https://docs.teradata.com/r/Teradata-Database-SQL-Functions-Operators-Expressions-and-Predicates/March-2017/Data-Type-Conversions/Character-to-DATE-Conversion/Forcing-a-FORMAT-on-CAST-for-Converting-Character-to-DATE
    264    FORMAT_MAPPING: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
    265    """
    266    Helper which is used for parsing the special syntax `CAST(x AS DATE FORMAT 'yyyy')`.
    267    If empty, the corresponding trie will be constructed off of `TIME_MAPPING`.
    268    """
    269
    270    UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
    271    """Mapping of an escaped sequence (`\\n`) to its unescaped version (`\n`)."""
    272
    273    PSEUDOCOLUMNS: t.Set[str] = set()
    274    """
    275    Columns that are auto-generated by the engine corresponding to this dialect.
    276    For example, such columns may be excluded from `SELECT *` queries.
    277    """
    278
    279    PREFER_CTE_ALIAS_COLUMN = False
    280    """
    281    Some dialects, such as Snowflake, allow you to reference a CTE column alias in the
    282    HAVING clause of the CTE. This flag will cause the CTE alias columns to override
    283    any projection aliases in the subquery.
    284
    285    For example,
    286        WITH y(c) AS (
    287            SELECT SUM(a) FROM (SELECT 1 a) AS x HAVING c > 0
    288        ) SELECT c FROM y;
    289
    290        will be rewritten as
    291
    292        WITH y(c) AS (
    293            SELECT SUM(a) AS c FROM (SELECT 1 AS a) AS x HAVING c > 0
    294        ) SELECT c FROM y;
    295    """
    296
    297    # --- Autofilled ---
    298
    299    tokenizer_class = Tokenizer
    300    parser_class = Parser
    301    generator_class = Generator
    302
    303    # A trie of the time_mapping keys
    304    TIME_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
    305    FORMAT_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
    306
    307    INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
    308    INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: t.Dict = {}
    309
    310    ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
    311
    312    # Delimiters for string literals and identifiers
    313    QUOTE_START = "'"
    314    QUOTE_END = "'"
    315    IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
    316    IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
    317
    318    # Delimiters for bit, hex, byte and unicode literals
    319    BIT_START: t.Optional[str] = None
    320    BIT_END: t.Optional[str] = None
    321    HEX_START: t.Optional[str] = None
    322    HEX_END: t.Optional[str] = None
    323    BYTE_START: t.Optional[str] = None
    324    BYTE_END: t.Optional[str] = None
    325    UNICODE_START: t.Optional[str] = None
    326    UNICODE_END: t.Optional[str] = None
    327
    328    # Separator of COPY statement parameters
    329    COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV = True
    330
    331    @classmethod
    332    def get_or_raise(cls, dialect: DialectType) -> Dialect:
    333        """
    334        Look up a dialect in the global dialect registry and return it if it exists.
    335
    336        Args:
    337            dialect: The target dialect. If this is a string, it can be optionally followed by
    338                additional key-value pairs that are separated by commas and are used to specify
    339                dialect settings, such as whether the dialect's identifiers are case-sensitive.
    340
    341        Example:
    342            >>> dialect = dialect_class = get_or_raise("duckdb")
    343            >>> dialect = get_or_raise("mysql, normalization_strategy = case_sensitive")
    344
    345        Returns:
    346            The corresponding Dialect instance.
    347        """
    348
    349        if not dialect:
    350            return cls()
    351        if isinstance(dialect, _Dialect):
    352            return dialect()
    353        if isinstance(dialect, Dialect):
    354            return dialect
    355        if isinstance(dialect, str):
    356            try:
    357                dialect_name, *kv_pairs = dialect.split(",")
    358                kwargs = {k.strip(): v.strip() for k, v in (kv.split("=") for kv in kv_pairs)}
    359            except ValueError:
    360                raise ValueError(
    361                    f"Invalid dialect format: '{dialect}'. "
    362                    "Please use the correct format: 'dialect [, k1 = v2 [, ...]]'."
    363                )
    364
    365            result = cls.get(dialect_name.strip())
    366            if not result:
    367                from difflib import get_close_matches
    368
    369                similar = seq_get(get_close_matches(dialect_name, cls.classes, n=1), 0) or ""
    370                if similar:
    371                    similar = f" Did you mean {similar}?"
    372
    373                raise ValueError(f"Unknown dialect '{dialect_name}'.{similar}")
    374
    375            return result(**kwargs)
    376
    377        raise ValueError(f"Invalid dialect type for '{dialect}': '{type(dialect)}'.")
    378
    379    @classmethod
    380    def format_time(
    381        cls, expression: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression]
    382    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    383        """Converts a time format in this dialect to its equivalent Python `strftime` format."""
    384        if isinstance(expression, str):
    385            return exp.Literal.string(
    386                # the time formats are quoted
    387                format_time(expression[1:-1], cls.TIME_MAPPING, cls.TIME_TRIE)
    388            )
    389
    390        if expression and expression.is_string:
    391            return exp.Literal.string(format_time(expression.this, cls.TIME_MAPPING, cls.TIME_TRIE))
    392
    393        return expression
    394
    395    def __init__(self, **kwargs) -> None:
    396        normalization_strategy = kwargs.get("normalization_strategy")
    397
    398        if normalization_strategy is None:
    399            self.normalization_strategy = self.NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY
    400        else:
    401            self.normalization_strategy = NormalizationStrategy(normalization_strategy.upper())
    402
    403    def __eq__(self, other: t.Any) -> bool:
    404        # Does not currently take dialect state into account
    405        return type(self) == other
    406
    407    def __hash__(self) -> int:
    408        # Does not currently take dialect state into account
    409        return hash(type(self))
    410
    411    def normalize_identifier(self, expression: E) -> E:
    412        """
    413        Transforms an identifier in a way that resembles how it'd be resolved by this dialect.
    414
    415        For example, an identifier like `FoO` would be resolved as `foo` in Postgres, because it
    416        lowercases all unquoted identifiers. On the other hand, Snowflake uppercases them, so
    417        it would resolve it as `FOO`. If it was quoted, it'd need to be treated as case-sensitive,
    418        and so any normalization would be prohibited in order to avoid "breaking" the identifier.
    419
    420        There are also dialects like Spark, which are case-insensitive even when quotes are
    421        present, and dialects like MySQL, whose resolution rules match those employed by the
    422        underlying operating system, for example they may always be case-sensitive in Linux.
    423
    424        Finally, the normalization behavior of some engines can even be controlled through flags,
    425        like in Redshift's case, where users can explicitly set enable_case_sensitive_identifier.
    426
    427        SQLGlot aims to understand and handle all of these different behaviors gracefully, so
    428        that it can analyze queries in the optimizer and successfully capture their semantics.
    429        """
    430        if (
    431            isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier)
    432            and self.normalization_strategy is not NormalizationStrategy.CASE_SENSITIVE
    433            and (
    434                not expression.quoted
    435                or self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
    436            )
    437        ):
    438            expression.set(
    439                "this",
    440                (
    441                    expression.this.upper()
    442                    if self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.UPPERCASE
    443                    else expression.this.lower()
    444                ),
    445            )
    446
    447        return expression
    448
    449    def case_sensitive(self, text: str) -> bool:
    450        """Checks if text contains any case sensitive characters, based on the dialect's rules."""
    451        if self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE:
    452            return False
    453
    454        unsafe = (
    455            str.islower
    456            if self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.UPPERCASE
    457            else str.isupper
    458        )
    459        return any(unsafe(char) for char in text)
    460
    461    def can_identify(self, text: str, identify: str | bool = "safe") -> bool:
    462        """Checks if text can be identified given an identify option.
    463
    464        Args:
    465            text: The text to check.
    466            identify:
    467                `"always"` or `True`: Always returns `True`.
    468                `"safe"`: Only returns `True` if the identifier is case-insensitive.
    469
    470        Returns:
    471            Whether the given text can be identified.
    472        """
    473        if identify is True or identify == "always":
    474            return True
    475
    476        if identify == "safe":
    477            return not self.case_sensitive(text)
    478
    479        return False
    480
    481    def quote_identifier(self, expression: E, identify: bool = True) -> E:
    482        """
    483        Adds quotes to a given identifier.
    484
    485        Args:
    486            expression: The expression of interest. If it's not an `Identifier`, this method is a no-op.
    487            identify: If set to `False`, the quotes will only be added if the identifier is deemed
    488                "unsafe", with respect to its characters and this dialect's normalization strategy.
    489        """
    490        if isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier) and not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Func):
    491            name = expression.this
    492            expression.set(
    493                "quoted",
    494                identify or self.case_sensitive(name) or not exp.SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(name),
    495            )
    496
    497        return expression
    498
    499    def to_json_path(self, path: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    500        if isinstance(path, exp.Literal):
    501            path_text = path.name
    502            if path.is_number:
    503                path_text = f"[{path_text}]"
    504
    505            try:
    506                return parse_json_path(path_text)
    507            except ParseError as e:
    508                logger.warning(f"Invalid JSON path syntax. {str(e)}")
    509
    510        return path
    511
    512    def parse(self, sql: str, **opts) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
    513        return self.parser(**opts).parse(self.tokenize(sql), sql)
    514
    515    def parse_into(
    516        self, expression_type: exp.IntoType, sql: str, **opts
    517    ) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
    518        return self.parser(**opts).parse_into(expression_type, self.tokenize(sql), sql)
    519
    520    def generate(self, expression: exp.Expression, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> str:
    521        return self.generator(**opts).generate(expression, copy=copy)
    522
    523    def transpile(self, sql: str, **opts) -> t.List[str]:
    524        return [
    525            self.generate(expression, copy=False, **opts) if expression else ""
    526            for expression in self.parse(sql)
    527        ]
    528
    529    def tokenize(self, sql: str) -> t.List[Token]:
    530        return self.tokenizer.tokenize(sql)
    531
    532    @property
    533    def tokenizer(self) -> Tokenizer:
    534        if not hasattr(self, "_tokenizer"):
    535            self._tokenizer = self.tokenizer_class(dialect=self)
    536        return self._tokenizer
    537
    538    def parser(self, **opts) -> Parser:
    539        return self.parser_class(dialect=self, **opts)
    540
    541    def generator(self, **opts) -> Generator:
    542        return self.generator_class(dialect=self, **opts)

Dialect(**kwargs) View Source

    395    def __init__(self, **kwargs) -> None:
    396        normalization_strategy = kwargs.get("normalization_strategy")
    397
    398        if normalization_strategy is None:
    399            self.normalization_strategy = self.NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY
    400        else:
    401            self.normalization_strategy = NormalizationStrategy(normalization_strategy.upper())

INDEX_OFFSET = 0

The base index offset for arrays.

WEEK_OFFSET = 0

First day of the week in DATE_TRUNC(week). Defaults to 0 (Monday). -1 would be Sunday.

UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY = False

Whether `UNNEST` table aliases are treated as column aliases.

ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE = False

Whether the table alias comes after tablesample.

TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = False

Whether a size in the table sample clause represents percentage.

NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = <NormalizationStrategy.LOWERCASE: 'LOWERCASE'>

Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized.

IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT = False

Whether an unquoted identifier can start with a digit.

DPIPE_IS_STRING_CONCAT = True

Whether the DPIPE token (`||`) is a string concatenation operator.

STRICT_STRING_CONCAT = False

Whether `CONCAT`'s arguments must be strings.

SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = True

Whether user-defined data types are supported.

SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = True

Whether `SEMI` or `ANTI` joins are supported.

NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS: bool | str = 'upper'

Determines how function names are going to be normalized.

###### Possible values:

> "upper" or True: Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.

LOG_BASE_FIRST: Optional[bool] = True

Whether the base comes first in the `LOG` function. Possible values: `True`, `False`, `None` (two arguments are not supported by `LOG`)

NULL_ORDERING = 'nulls_are_small'

Default `NULL` ordering method to use if not explicitly set. Possible values: `"nulls_are_small"`, `"nulls_are_large"`, `"nulls_are_last"`

TYPED_DIVISION = False

Whether the behavior of `a / b` depends on the types of `a` and `b`. False means `a / b` is always float division. True means `a / b` is integer division if both `a` and `b` are integers.

SAFE_DIVISION = False

Whether division by zero throws an error (`False`) or returns NULL (`True`).

CONCAT_COALESCE = False

A `NULL` arg in `CONCAT` yields `NULL` by default, but in some dialects it yields an empty string.

HEX_LOWERCASE = False

Whether the `HEX` function returns a lowercase hexadecimal string.

DATE_FORMAT = "'%Y-%m-%d'"
DATEINT_FORMAT = "'%Y%m%d'"
TIME_FORMAT = "'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'"
TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}

Associates this dialect's time formats with their equivalent Python `strftime` formats.

FORMAT_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}

Helper which is used for parsing the special syntax `CAST(x AS DATE FORMAT 'yyyy')`. If empty, the corresponding trie will be constructed off of `TIME_MAPPING`.

UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {}

Mapping of an escaped sequence (`\n`) to its unescaped version (`` ).

PSEUDOCOLUMNS: Set[str] = set()

Columns that are auto-generated by the engine corresponding to this dialect. For example, such columns may be excluded from `SELECT *` queries.

PREFER_CTE_ALIAS_COLUMN = False

Some dialects, such as Snowflake, allow you to reference a CTE column alias in the HAVING clause of the CTE. This flag will cause the CTE alias columns to override any projection aliases in the subquery.

For example, WITH y(c) AS ( SELECT SUM(a) FROM (SELECT 1 a) AS x HAVING c > 0 ) SELECT c FROM y;

    will be rewritten as

    WITH y(c) AS (
        SELECT SUM(a) AS c FROM (SELECT 1 AS a) AS x HAVING c > 0
    ) SELECT c FROM y;

tokenizer_class = <class 'sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer'>
parser_class = <class 'sqlglot.parser.Parser'>
generator_class = <class 'sqlglot.generator.Generator'>
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {}
ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {}
QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
BIT_START: Optional[str] = None
BIT_END: Optional[str] = None
HEX_START: Optional[str] = None
HEX_END: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_START: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_END: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_START: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_END: Optional[str] = None
COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV = True
@classmethod
def get_or_raise( cls, dialect: Union[str, Dialect, Type[Dialect], NoneType]) -> Dialect: View Source

    331    @classmethod
    332    def get_or_raise(cls, dialect: DialectType) -> Dialect:
    333        """
    334        Look up a dialect in the global dialect registry and return it if it exists.
    335
    336        Args:
    337            dialect: The target dialect. If this is a string, it can be optionally followed by
    338                additional key-value pairs that are separated by commas and are used to specify
    339                dialect settings, such as whether the dialect's identifiers are case-sensitive.
    340
    341        Example:
    342            >>> dialect = dialect_class = get_or_raise("duckdb")
    343            >>> dialect = get_or_raise("mysql, normalization_strategy = case_sensitive")
    344
    345        Returns:
    346            The corresponding Dialect instance.
    347        """
    348
    349        if not dialect:
    350            return cls()
    351        if isinstance(dialect, _Dialect):
    352            return dialect()
    353        if isinstance(dialect, Dialect):
    354            return dialect
    355        if isinstance(dialect, str):
    356            try:
    357                dialect_name, *kv_pairs = dialect.split(",")
    358                kwargs = {k.strip(): v.strip() for k, v in (kv.split("=") for kv in kv_pairs)}
    359            except ValueError:
    360                raise ValueError(
    361                    f"Invalid dialect format: '{dialect}'. "
    362                    "Please use the correct format: 'dialect [, k1 = v2 [, ...]]'."
    363                )
    364
    365            result = cls.get(dialect_name.strip())
    366            if not result:
    367                from difflib import get_close_matches
    368
    369                similar = seq_get(get_close_matches(dialect_name, cls.classes, n=1), 0) or ""
    370                if similar:
    371                    similar = f" Did you mean {similar}?"
    372
    373                raise ValueError(f"Unknown dialect '{dialect_name}'.{similar}")
    374
    375            return result(**kwargs)
    376
    377        raise ValueError(f"Invalid dialect type for '{dialect}': '{type(dialect)}'.")

Look up a dialect in the global dialect registry and return it if it exists.

###### Arguments:

- dialect: The target dialect. If this is a string, it can be optionally followed by additional key-value pairs that are separated by commas and are used to specify dialect settings, such as whether the dialect's identifiers are case-sensitive.

###### Example:

>     >>> dialect = dialect_class = get_or_raise("duckdb")
>     >>> dialect = get_or_raise("mysql, normalization_strategy = case_sensitive")

###### Returns:

> The corresponding Dialect instance.

@classmethod
def format_time( cls, expression: Union[str, sqlglot.expressions.Expression, NoneType]) -> Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]: View Source

    379    @classmethod
    380    def format_time(
    381        cls, expression: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression]
    382    ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    383        """Converts a time format in this dialect to its equivalent Python `strftime` format."""
    384        if isinstance(expression, str):
    385            return exp.Literal.string(
    386                # the time formats are quoted
    387                format_time(expression[1:-1], cls.TIME_MAPPING, cls.TIME_TRIE)
    388            )
    389
    390        if expression and expression.is_string:
    391            return exp.Literal.string(format_time(expression.this, cls.TIME_MAPPING, cls.TIME_TRIE))
    392
    393        return expression

Converts a time format in this dialect to its equivalent Python `strftime` format.

def normalize_identifier(self, expression: ~E) -> ~E: View Source

    411    def normalize_identifier(self, expression: E) -> E:
    412        """
    413        Transforms an identifier in a way that resembles how it'd be resolved by this dialect.
    414
    415        For example, an identifier like `FoO` would be resolved as `foo` in Postgres, because it
    416        lowercases all unquoted identifiers. On the other hand, Snowflake uppercases them, so
    417        it would resolve it as `FOO`. If it was quoted, it'd need to be treated as case-sensitive,
    418        and so any normalization would be prohibited in order to avoid "breaking" the identifier.
    419
    420        There are also dialects like Spark, which are case-insensitive even when quotes are
    421        present, and dialects like MySQL, whose resolution rules match those employed by the
    422        underlying operating system, for example they may always be case-sensitive in Linux.
    423
    424        Finally, the normalization behavior of some engines can even be controlled through flags,
    425        like in Redshift's case, where users can explicitly set enable_case_sensitive_identifier.
    426
    427        SQLGlot aims to understand and handle all of these different behaviors gracefully, so
    428        that it can analyze queries in the optimizer and successfully capture their semantics.
    429        """
    430        if (
    431            isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier)
    432            and self.normalization_strategy is not NormalizationStrategy.CASE_SENSITIVE
    433            and (
    434                not expression.quoted
    435                or self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
    436            )
    437        ):
    438            expression.set(
    439                "this",
    440                (
    441                    expression.this.upper()
    442                    if self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.UPPERCASE
    443                    else expression.this.lower()
    444                ),
    445            )
    446
    447        return expression

Transforms an identifier in a way that resembles how it'd be resolved by this dialect.

For example, an identifier like `FoO` would be resolved as `foo` in Postgres, because it lowercases all unquoted identifiers. On the other hand, Snowflake uppercases them, so it would resolve it as `FOO`. If it was quoted, it'd need to be treated as case-sensitive, and so any normalization would be prohibited in order to avoid "breaking" the identifier.

There are also dialects like Spark, which are case-insensitive even when quotes are present, and dialects like MySQL, whose resolution rules match those employed by the underlying operating system, for example they may always be case-sensitive in Linux.

Finally, the normalization behavior of some engines can even be controlled through flags, like in Redshift's case, where users can explicitly set enable_case_sensitive_identifier.

SQLGlot aims to understand and handle all of these different behaviors gracefully, so that it can analyze queries in the optimizer and successfully capture their semantics.

def case_sensitive(self, text: str) -> bool: View Source

    449    def case_sensitive(self, text: str) -> bool:
    450        """Checks if text contains any case sensitive characters, based on the dialect's rules."""
    451        if self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE:
    452            return False
    453
    454        unsafe = (
    455            str.islower
    456            if self.normalization_strategy is NormalizationStrategy.UPPERCASE
    457            else str.isupper
    458        )
    459        return any(unsafe(char) for char in text)

Checks if text contains any case sensitive characters, based on the dialect's rules.

def can_identify(self, text: str, identify: str | bool = 'safe') -> bool: View Source

    461    def can_identify(self, text: str, identify: str | bool = "safe") -> bool:
    462        """Checks if text can be identified given an identify option.
    463
    464        Args:
    465            text: The text to check.
    466            identify:
    467                `"always"` or `True`: Always returns `True`.
    468                `"safe"`: Only returns `True` if the identifier is case-insensitive.
    469
    470        Returns:
    471            Whether the given text can be identified.
    472        """
    473        if identify is True or identify == "always":
    474            return True
    475
    476        if identify == "safe":
    477            return not self.case_sensitive(text)
    478
    479        return False

Checks if text can be identified given an identify option.

###### Arguments:

- text: The text to check.
- identify: `"always"` or `True`: Always returns `True`. `"safe"`: Only returns `True` if the identifier is case-insensitive.

###### Returns:

> Whether the given text can be identified.

def quote_identifier(self, expression: ~E, identify: bool = True) -> ~E: View Source

    481    def quote_identifier(self, expression: E, identify: bool = True) -> E:
    482        """
    483        Adds quotes to a given identifier.
    484
    485        Args:
    486            expression: The expression of interest. If it's not an `Identifier`, this method is a no-op.
    487            identify: If set to `False`, the quotes will only be added if the identifier is deemed
    488                "unsafe", with respect to its characters and this dialect's normalization strategy.
    489        """
    490        if isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier) and not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Func):
    491            name = expression.this
    492            expression.set(
    493                "quoted",
    494                identify or self.case_sensitive(name) or not exp.SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(name),
    495            )
    496
    497        return expression

Adds quotes to a given identifier.

###### Arguments:

- expression: The expression of interest. If it's not an `Identifier`, this method is a no-op.
- identify: If set to `False`, the quotes will only be added if the identifier is deemed "unsafe", with respect to its characters and this dialect's normalization strategy.

def to_json_path( self, path: Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]) -> Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]: View Source

    499    def to_json_path(self, path: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    500        if isinstance(path, exp.Literal):
    501            path_text = path.name
    502            if path.is_number:
    503                path_text = f"[{path_text}]"
    504
    505            try:
    506                return parse_json_path(path_text)
    507            except ParseError as e:
    508                logger.warning(f"Invalid JSON path syntax. {str(e)}")
    509
    510        return path

def parse(self, sql: str, **opts) -> List[Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]]: View Source

    512    def parse(self, sql: str, **opts) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
    513        return self.parser(**opts).parse(self.tokenize(sql), sql)

def parse_into( self, expression_type: Union[str, Type[sqlglot.expressions.Expression], Collection[Union[str, Type[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]]]], sql: str, **opts) -> List[Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]]: View Source

    515    def parse_into(
    516        self, expression_type: exp.IntoType, sql: str, **opts
    517    ) -> t.List[t.Optional[exp.Expression]]:
    518        return self.parser(**opts).parse_into(expression_type, self.tokenize(sql), sql)

def generate( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> str: View Source

    520    def generate(self, expression: exp.Expression, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> str:
    521        return self.generator(**opts).generate(expression, copy=copy)

def transpile(self, sql: str, **opts) -> List[str]: View Source

    523    def transpile(self, sql: str, **opts) -> t.List[str]:
    524        return [
    525            self.generate(expression, copy=False, **opts) if expression else ""
    526            for expression in self.parse(sql)
    527        ]

def tokenize(self, sql: str) -> List[sqlglot.tokens.Token]: View Source

    529    def tokenize(self, sql: str) -> t.List[Token]:
    530        return self.tokenizer.tokenize(sql)

tokenizer: sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer View Source

    532    @property
    533    def tokenizer(self) -> Tokenizer:
    534        if not hasattr(self, "_tokenizer"):
    535            self._tokenizer = self.tokenizer_class(dialect=self)
    536        return self._tokenizer

def parser(self, **opts) -> sqlglot.parser.Parser: View Source

    538    def parser(self, **opts) -> Parser:
    539        return self.parser_class(dialect=self, **opts)

def generator(self, **opts) -> sqlglot.generator.Generator: View Source

    541    def generator(self, **opts) -> Generator:
    542        return self.generator_class(dialect=self, **opts)

DialectType = typing.Union[str, Dialect, typing.Type[Dialect], NoneType]
def rename_func( name: str) -> Callable[[sqlglot.generator.Generator, sqlglot.expressions.Expression], str]: View Source

    548def rename_func(name: str) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.Expression], str]:
    549    return lambda self, expression: self.func(name, *flatten(expression.args.values()))

def approx_count_distinct_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct) -> str: View Source

    552def approx_count_distinct_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ApproxDistinct) -> str:
    553    if expression.args.get("accuracy"):
    554        self.unsupported("APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT does not support accuracy")
    555    return self.func("APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT", expression.this)

def if_sql( name: str = 'IF', false_value: Union[str, sqlglot.expressions.Expression, NoneType] = None) -> Callable[[sqlglot.generator.Generator, sqlglot.expressions.If], str]: View Source

    558def if_sql(
    559    name: str = "IF", false_value: t.Optional[exp.Expression | str] = None
    560) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.If], str]:
    561    def _if_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.If) -> str:
    562        return self.func(
    563            name,
    564            expression.this,
    565            expression.args.get("true"),
    566            expression.args.get("false") or false_value,
    567        )
    568
    569    return _if_sql

def arrow_json_extract_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: Union[sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract, sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar]) -> str: View Source

    572def arrow_json_extract_sql(self: Generator, expression: JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE) -> str:
    573    this = expression.this
    574    if self.JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION and isinstance(this, exp.Literal) and this.is_string:
    575        this.replace(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.JSON))
    576
    577    return self.binary(expression, "->" if isinstance(expression, exp.JSONExtract) else "->>")

def inline_array_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Array) -> str: View Source

    580def inline_array_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
    581    return f"[{self.expressions(expression, dynamic=True, new_line=True, skip_first=True, skip_last=True)}]"

def inline_array_unless_query( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Array) -> str: View Source

    584def inline_array_unless_query(self: Generator, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
    585    elem = seq_get(expression.expressions, 0)
    586    if isinstance(elem, exp.Expression) and elem.find(exp.Query):
    587        return self.func("ARRAY", elem)
    588    return inline_array_sql(self, expression)

def no_ilike_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ILike) -> str: View Source

    591def no_ilike_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ILike) -> str:
    592    return self.like_sql(
    593        exp.Like(this=exp.Lower(this=expression.this), expression=expression.expression)
    594    )

def no_paren_current_date_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate) -> str: View Source

    597def no_paren_current_date_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.CurrentDate) -> str:
    598    zone = self.sql(expression, "this")
    599    return f"CURRENT_DATE AT TIME ZONE {zone}" if zone else "CURRENT_DATE"

def no_recursive_cte_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.With) -> str: View Source

    602def no_recursive_cte_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.With) -> str:
    603    if expression.args.get("recursive"):
    604        self.unsupported("Recursive CTEs are unsupported")
    605        expression.args["recursive"] = False
    606    return self.with_sql(expression)

def no_safe_divide_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide) -> str: View Source

    609def no_safe_divide_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.SafeDivide) -> str:
    610    n = self.sql(expression, "this")
    611    d = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    612    return f"IF(({d}) <> 0, ({n}) / ({d}), NULL)"

def no_tablesample_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TableSample) -> str: View Source

    615def no_tablesample_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TableSample) -> str:
    616    self.unsupported("TABLESAMPLE unsupported")
    617    return self.sql(expression.this)

def no_pivot_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Pivot) -> str: View Source

    620def no_pivot_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Pivot) -> str:
    621    self.unsupported("PIVOT unsupported")
    622    return ""

def no_trycast_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TryCast) -> str: View Source

    625def no_trycast_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str:
    626    return self.cast_sql(expression)

def no_comment_column_constraint_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.CommentColumnConstraint) -> str: View Source

    629def no_comment_column_constraint_sql(
    630    self: Generator, expression: exp.CommentColumnConstraint
    631) -> str:
    632    self.unsupported("CommentColumnConstraint unsupported")
    633    return ""

def no_map_from_entries_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries) -> str: View Source

    636def no_map_from_entries_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.MapFromEntries) -> str:
    637    self.unsupported("MAP_FROM_ENTRIES unsupported")
    638    return ""

def str_position_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition, generate_instance: bool = False) -> str: View Source

    641def str_position_sql(
    642    self: Generator, expression: exp.StrPosition, generate_instance: bool = False
    643) -> str:
    644    this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    645    substr = self.sql(expression, "substr")
    646    position = self.sql(expression, "position")
    647    instance = expression.args.get("instance") if generate_instance else None
    648    position_offset = ""
    649
    650    if position:
    651        # Normalize third 'pos' argument into 'SUBSTR(..) + offset' across dialects
    652        this = self.func("SUBSTR", this, position)
    653        position_offset = f" + {position} - 1"
    654
    655    return self.func("STRPOS", this, substr, instance) + position_offset

def struct_extract_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract) -> str: View Source

    658def struct_extract_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.StructExtract) -> str:
    659    return (
    660        f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}.{self.sql(exp.to_identifier(expression.expression.name))}"
    661    )

def var_map_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Map | sqlglot.expressions.VarMap, map_func_name: str = 'MAP') -> str: View Source

    664def var_map_sql(
    665    self: Generator, expression: exp.Map | exp.VarMap, map_func_name: str = "MAP"
    666) -> str:
    667    keys = expression.args["keys"]
    668    values = expression.args["values"]
    669
    670    if not isinstance(keys, exp.Array) or not isinstance(values, exp.Array):
    671        self.unsupported("Cannot convert array columns into map.")
    672        return self.func(map_func_name, keys, values)
    673
    674    args = []
    675    for key, value in zip(keys.expressions, values.expressions):
    676        args.append(self.sql(key))
    677        args.append(self.sql(value))
    678
    679    return self.func(map_func_name, *args)

def build_formatted_time( exp_class: Type[~E], dialect: str, default: Union[str, bool, NoneType] = None) -> Callable[[List], ~E]: View Source

    682def build_formatted_time(
    683    exp_class: t.Type[E], dialect: str, default: t.Optional[bool | str] = None
    684) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
    685    """Helper used for time expressions.
    686
    687    Args:
    688        exp_class: the expression class to instantiate.
    689        dialect: target sql dialect.
    690        default: the default format, True being time.
    691
    692    Returns:
    693        A callable that can be used to return the appropriately formatted time expression.
    694    """
    695
    696    def _builder(args: t.List):
    697        return exp_class(
    698            this=seq_get(args, 0),
    699            format=Dialect[dialect].format_time(
    700                seq_get(args, 1)
    701                or (Dialect[dialect].TIME_FORMAT if default is True else default or None)
    702            ),
    703        )
    704
    705    return _builder

Helper used for time expressions.

###### Arguments:

- exp_class: the expression class to instantiate.
- dialect: target sql dialect.
- default: the default format, True being time.

###### Returns:

> A callable that can be used to return the appropriately formatted time expression.

def time_format( dialect: Union[str, Dialect, Type[Dialect], NoneType] = None) -> Callable[[sqlglot.generator.Generator, sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr | sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix], Optional[str]]: View Source

    708def time_format(
    709    dialect: DialectType = None,
    710) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.UnixToStr | exp.StrToUnix], t.Optional[str]]:
    711    def _time_format(self: Generator, expression: exp.UnixToStr | exp.StrToUnix) -> t.Optional[str]:
    712        """
    713        Returns the time format for a given expression, unless it's equivalent
    714        to the default time format of the dialect of interest.
    715        """
    716        time_format = self.format_time(expression)
    717        return time_format if time_format != Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect).TIME_FORMAT else None
    718
    719    return _time_format

def build_date_delta( exp_class: Type[~E], unit_mapping: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None) -> Callable[[List], ~E]: View Source

    722def build_date_delta(
    723    exp_class: t.Type[E], unit_mapping: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, str]] = None
    724) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
    725    def _builder(args: t.List) -> E:
    726        unit_based = len(args) == 3
    727        this = args[2] if unit_based else seq_get(args, 0)
    728        unit = args[0] if unit_based else exp.Literal.string("DAY")
    729        unit = exp.var(unit_mapping.get(unit.name.lower(), unit.name)) if unit_mapping else unit
    730        return exp_class(this=this, expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=unit)
    731
    732    return _builder

def build_date_delta_with_interval(expression_class: Type[~E]) -> Callable[[List], Optional[~E]]: View Source

    735def build_date_delta_with_interval(
    736    expression_class: t.Type[E],
    737) -> t.Callable[[t.List], t.Optional[E]]:
    738    def _builder(args: t.List) -> t.Optional[E]:
    739        if len(args) < 2:
    740            return None
    741
    742        interval = args[1]
    743
    744        if not isinstance(interval, exp.Interval):
    745            raise ParseError(f"INTERVAL expression expected but got '{interval}'")
    746
    747        expression = interval.this
    748        if expression and expression.is_string:
    749            expression = exp.Literal.number(expression.this)
    750
    751        return expression_class(this=args[0], expression=expression, unit=unit_to_str(interval))
    752
    753    return _builder

def date_trunc_to_time( args: List) -> sqlglot.expressions.DateTrunc | sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc: View Source

    756def date_trunc_to_time(args: t.List) -> exp.DateTrunc | exp.TimestampTrunc:
    757    unit = seq_get(args, 0)
    758    this = seq_get(args, 1)
    759
    760    if isinstance(this, exp.Cast) and this.is_type("date"):
    761        return exp.DateTrunc(unit=unit, this=this)
    762    return exp.TimestampTrunc(this=this, unit=unit)

def date_add_interval_sql( data_type: str, kind: str) -> Callable[[sqlglot.generator.Generator, sqlglot.expressions.Expression], str]: View Source

    765def date_add_interval_sql(
    766    data_type: str, kind: str
    767) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.Expression], str]:
    768    def func(self: Generator, expression: exp.Expression) -> str:
    769        this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    770        interval = exp.Interval(this=expression.expression, unit=unit_to_var(expression))
    771        return f"{data_type}_{kind}({this}, {self.sql(interval)})"
    772
    773    return func

def timestamptrunc_sql( zone: bool = False) -> Callable[[sqlglot.generator.Generator, sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc], str]: View Source

    776def timestamptrunc_sql(zone: bool = False) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.TimestampTrunc], str]:
    777    def _timestamptrunc_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TimestampTrunc) -> str:
    778        args = [unit_to_str(expression), expression.this]
    779        if zone:
    780            args.append(expression.args.get("zone"))
    781        return self.func("DATE_TRUNC", *args)
    782
    783    return _timestamptrunc_sql

def no_timestamp_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp) -> str: View Source

    786def no_timestamp_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Timestamp) -> str:
    787    if not expression.expression:
    788        from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    789
    790        target_type = annotate_types(expression).type or exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP
    791        return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, target_type))
    792    if expression.text("expression").lower() in TIMEZONES:
    793        return self.sql(
    794            exp.AtTimeZone(
    795                this=exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
    796                zone=expression.expression,
    797            )
    798        )
    799    return self.func("TIMESTAMP", expression.this, expression.expression)

def locate_to_strposition(args: List) -> sqlglot.expressions.Expression: View Source

    802def locate_to_strposition(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
    803    return exp.StrPosition(
    804        this=seq_get(args, 1), substr=seq_get(args, 0), position=seq_get(args, 2)
    805    )

def strposition_to_locate_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition) -> str: View Source

    808def strposition_to_locate_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.StrPosition) -> str:
    809    return self.func(
    810        "LOCATE", expression.args.get("substr"), expression.this, expression.args.get("position")
    811    )

def left_to_substring_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Left) -> str: View Source

    814def left_to_substring_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
    815    return self.sql(
    816        exp.Substring(
    817            this=expression.this, start=exp.Literal.number(1), length=expression.expression
    818        )
    819    )

def right_to_substring_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Left) -> str: View Source

    822def right_to_substring_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Left) -> str:
    823    return self.sql(
    824        exp.Substring(
    825            this=expression.this,
    826            start=exp.Length(this=expression.this) - exp.paren(expression.expression - 1),
    827        )
    828    )

def timestrtotime_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime) -> str: View Source

    831def timestrtotime_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.TimeStrToTime) -> str:
    832    return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP))

def datestrtodate_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate) -> str: View Source

    835def datestrtodate_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.DateStrToDate) -> str:
    836    return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE))

def encode_decode_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression, name: str, replace: bool = True) -> str: View Source

    840def encode_decode_sql(
    841    self: Generator, expression: exp.Expression, name: str, replace: bool = True
    842) -> str:
    843    charset = expression.args.get("charset")
    844    if charset and charset.name.lower() != "utf-8":
    845        self.unsupported(f"Expected utf-8 character set, got {charset}.")
    846
    847    return self.func(name, expression.this, expression.args.get("replace") if replace else None)

def min_or_least( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Min) -> str: View Source

    850def min_or_least(self: Generator, expression: exp.Min) -> str:
    851    name = "LEAST" if expression.expressions else "MIN"
    852    return rename_func(name)(self, expression)

def max_or_greatest( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Max) -> str: View Source

    855def max_or_greatest(self: Generator, expression: exp.Max) -> str:
    856    name = "GREATEST" if expression.expressions else "MAX"
    857    return rename_func(name)(self, expression)

def count_if_to_sum( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.CountIf) -> str: View Source

    860def count_if_to_sum(self: Generator, expression: exp.CountIf) -> str:
    861    cond = expression.this
    862
    863    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Distinct):
    864        cond = expression.this.expressions[0]
    865        self.unsupported("DISTINCT is not supported when converting COUNT_IF to SUM")
    866
    867    return self.func("sum", exp.func("if", cond, 1, 0))

def trim_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Trim) -> str: View Source

    870def trim_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Trim) -> str:
    871    target = self.sql(expression, "this")
    872    trim_type = self.sql(expression, "position")
    873    remove_chars = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    874    collation = self.sql(expression, "collation")
    875
    876    # Use TRIM/LTRIM/RTRIM syntax if the expression isn't database-specific
    877    if not remove_chars and not collation:
    878        return self.trim_sql(expression)
    879
    880    trim_type = f"{trim_type} " if trim_type else ""
    881    remove_chars = f"{remove_chars} " if remove_chars else ""
    882    from_part = "FROM " if trim_type or remove_chars else ""
    883    collation = f" COLLATE {collation}" if collation else ""
    884    return f"TRIM({trim_type}{remove_chars}{from_part}{target}{collation})"

def str_to_time_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression) -> str: View Source

    887def str_to_time_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Expression) -> str:
    888    return self.func("STRPTIME", expression.this, self.format_time(expression))

def concat_to_dpipe_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Concat) -> str: View Source

    891def concat_to_dpipe_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Concat) -> str:
    892    return self.sql(reduce(lambda x, y: exp.DPipe(this=x, expression=y), expression.expressions))

def concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ConcatWs) -> str: View Source

    895def concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ConcatWs) -> str:
    896    delim, *rest_args = expression.expressions
    897    return self.sql(
    898        reduce(
    899            lambda x, y: exp.DPipe(this=x, expression=exp.DPipe(this=delim, expression=y)),
    900            rest_args,
    901        )
    902    )

def regexp_extract_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract) -> str: View Source

    905def regexp_extract_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.RegexpExtract) -> str:
    906    bad_args = list(filter(expression.args.get, ("position", "occurrence", "parameters")))
    907    if bad_args:
    908        self.unsupported(f"REGEXP_EXTRACT does not support the following arg(s): {bad_args}")
    909
    910    return self.func(
    911        "REGEXP_EXTRACT", expression.this, expression.expression, expression.args.get("group")
    912    )

def regexp_replace_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.RegexpReplace) -> str: View Source

    915def regexp_replace_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.RegexpReplace) -> str:
    916    bad_args = list(filter(expression.args.get, ("position", "occurrence", "modifiers")))
    917    if bad_args:
    918        self.unsupported(f"REGEXP_REPLACE does not support the following arg(s): {bad_args}")
    919
    920    return self.func(
    921        "REGEXP_REPLACE", expression.this, expression.expression, expression.args["replacement"]
    922    )

def pivot_column_names( aggregations: List[sqlglot.expressions.Expression], dialect: Union[str, Dialect, Type[Dialect], NoneType]) -> List[str]: View Source

    925def pivot_column_names(aggregations: t.List[exp.Expression], dialect: DialectType) -> t.List[str]:
    926    names = []
    927    for agg in aggregations:
    928        if isinstance(agg, exp.Alias):
    929            names.append(agg.alias)
    930        else:
    931            """
    932            This case corresponds to aggregations without aliases being used as suffixes
    933            (e.g. col_avg(foo)). We need to unquote identifiers because they're going to
    934            be quoted in the base parser's `_parse_pivot` method, due to `to_identifier`.
    935            Otherwise, we'd end up with `col_avg(`foo`)` (notice the double quotes).
    936            """
    937            agg_all_unquoted = agg.transform(
    938                lambda node: (
    939                    exp.Identifier(this=node.name, quoted=False)
    940                    if isinstance(node, exp.Identifier)
    941                    else node
    942                )
    943            )
    944            names.append(agg_all_unquoted.sql(dialect=dialect, normalize_functions="lower"))
    945
    946    return names

def binary_from_function(expr_type: Type[~B]) -> Callable[[List], ~B]: View Source

    949def binary_from_function(expr_type: t.Type[B]) -> t.Callable[[t.List], B]:
    950    return lambda args: expr_type(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1))

def build_timestamp_trunc(args: List) -> sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc: View Source

    954def build_timestamp_trunc(args: t.List) -> exp.TimestampTrunc:
    955    return exp.TimestampTrunc(this=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0))

def any_value_to_max_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue) -> str: View Source

    958def any_value_to_max_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.AnyValue) -> str:
    959    return self.func("MAX", expression.this)

def bool_xor_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Xor) -> str: View Source

    962def bool_xor_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Xor) -> str:
    963    a = self.sql(expression.left)
    964    b = self.sql(expression.right)
    965    return f"({a} AND (NOT {b})) OR ((NOT {a}) AND {b})"

def is_parse_json(expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression) -> bool: View Source

    968def is_parse_json(expression: exp.Expression) -> bool:
    969    return isinstance(expression, exp.ParseJSON) or (
    970        isinstance(expression, exp.Cast) and expression.is_type("json")
    971    )

def isnull_to_is_null(args: List) -> sqlglot.expressions.Expression: View Source

    974def isnull_to_is_null(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
    975    return exp.Paren(this=exp.Is(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.null()))

def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint) -> str: View Source

    978def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql(
    979    self: Generator, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint
    980) -> str:
    981    start = self.sql(expression, "start") or "1"
    982    increment = self.sql(expression, "increment") or "1"
    983    return f"IDENTITY({start}, {increment})"

def arg_max_or_min_no_count( name: str) -> Callable[[sqlglot.generator.Generator, sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax | sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin], str]: View Source

    986def arg_max_or_min_no_count(name: str) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.ArgMax | exp.ArgMin], str]:
    987    def _arg_max_or_min_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.ArgMax | exp.ArgMin) -> str:
    988        if expression.args.get("count"):
    989            self.unsupported(f"Only two arguments are supported in function {name}.")
    990
    991        return self.func(name, expression.this, expression.expression)
    992
    993    return _arg_max_or_min_sql

def ts_or_ds_add_cast( expression: sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd) -> sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd: View Source

     996def ts_or_ds_add_cast(expression: exp.TsOrDsAdd) -> exp.TsOrDsAdd:
     997    this = expression.this.copy()
     998
     999    return_type = expression.return_type
    1000    if return_type.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.DATE):
    1001        # If we need to cast to a DATE, we cast to TIMESTAMP first to make sure we
    1002        # can truncate timestamp strings, because some dialects can't cast them to DATE
    1003        this = exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
    1004
    1005    expression.this.replace(exp.cast(this, return_type))
    1006    return expression

def date_delta_sql( name: str, cast: bool = False) -> Callable[[sqlglot.generator.Generator, Union[sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd, sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd, sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff, sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff]], str]: View Source

    1009def date_delta_sql(name: str, cast: bool = False) -> t.Callable[[Generator, DATE_ADD_OR_DIFF], str]:
    1010    def _delta_sql(self: Generator, expression: DATE_ADD_OR_DIFF) -> str:
    1011        if cast and isinstance(expression, exp.TsOrDsAdd):
    1012            expression = ts_or_ds_add_cast(expression)
    1013
    1014        return self.func(
    1015            name,
    1016            unit_to_var(expression),
    1017            expression.expression,
    1018            expression.this,
    1019        )
    1020
    1021    return _delta_sql

def unit_to_str( expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression, default: str = 'DAY') -> Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]: View Source

    1024def unit_to_str(expression: exp.Expression, default: str = "DAY") -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    1025    unit = expression.args.get("unit")
    1026
    1027    if isinstance(unit, exp.Placeholder):
    1028        return unit
    1029    if unit:
    1030        return exp.Literal.string(unit.name)
    1031    return exp.Literal.string(default) if default else None

def unit_to_var( expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression, default: str = 'DAY') -> Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]: View Source

    1034def unit_to_var(expression: exp.Expression, default: str = "DAY") -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    1035    unit = expression.args.get("unit")
    1036
    1037    if isinstance(unit, (exp.Var, exp.Placeholder)):
    1038        return unit
    1039    return exp.Var(this=default) if default else None

def no_last_day_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.LastDay) -> str: View Source

    1042def no_last_day_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.LastDay) -> str:
    1043    trunc_curr_date = exp.func("date_trunc", "month", expression.this)
    1044    plus_one_month = exp.func("date_add", trunc_curr_date, 1, "month")
    1045    minus_one_day = exp.func("date_sub", plus_one_month, 1, "day")
    1046
    1047    return self.sql(exp.cast(minus_one_day, exp.DataType.Type.DATE))

def merge_without_target_sql( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Merge) -> str: View Source

    1050def merge_without_target_sql(self: Generator, expression: exp.Merge) -> str:
    1051    """Remove table refs from columns in when statements."""
    1052    alias = expression.this.args.get("alias")
    1053
    1054    def normalize(identifier: t.Optional[exp.Identifier]) -> t.Optional[str]:
    1055        return self.dialect.normalize_identifier(identifier).name if identifier else None
    1056
    1057    targets = {normalize(expression.this.this)}
    1058
    1059    if alias:
    1060        targets.add(normalize(alias.this))
    1061
    1062    for when in expression.expressions:
    1063        when.transform(
    1064            lambda node: (
    1065                exp.column(node.this)
    1066                if isinstance(node, exp.Column) and normalize(node.args.get("table")) in targets
    1067                else node
    1068            ),
    1069            copy=False,
    1070        )
    1071
    1072    return self.merge_sql(expression)

Remove table refs from columns in when statements.

def build_json_extract_path( expr_type: Type[~F], zero_based_indexing: bool = True, arrow_req_json_type: bool = False) -> Callable[[List], ~F]: View Source

    1075def build_json_extract_path(
    1076    expr_type: t.Type[F], zero_based_indexing: bool = True, arrow_req_json_type: bool = False
    1077) -> t.Callable[[t.List], F]:
    1078    def _builder(args: t.List) -> F:
    1079        segments: t.List[exp.JSONPathPart] = [exp.JSONPathRoot()]
    1080        for arg in args[1:]:
    1081            if not isinstance(arg, exp.Literal):
    1082                # We use the fallback parser because we can't really transpile non-literals safely
    1083                return expr_type.from_arg_list(args)
    1084
    1085            text = arg.name
    1086            if is_int(text):
    1087                index = int(text)
    1088                segments.append(
    1089                    exp.JSONPathSubscript(this=index if zero_based_indexing else index - 1)
    1090                )
    1091            else:
    1092                segments.append(exp.JSONPathKey(this=text))
    1093
    1094        # This is done to avoid failing in the expression validator due to the arg count
    1095        del args[2:]
    1096        return expr_type(
    1097            this=seq_get(args, 0),
    1098            expression=exp.JSONPath(expressions=segments),
    1099            only_json_types=arrow_req_json_type,
    1100        )
    1101
    1102    return _builder

def json_extract_segments( name: str, quoted_index: bool = True, op: Optional[str] = None) -> Callable[[sqlglot.generator.Generator, Union[sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract, sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar]], str]: View Source

    1105def json_extract_segments(
    1106    name: str, quoted_index: bool = True, op: t.Optional[str] = None
    1107) -> t.Callable[[Generator, JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE], str]:
    1108    def _json_extract_segments(self: Generator, expression: JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE) -> str:
    1109        path = expression.expression
    1110        if not isinstance(path, exp.JSONPath):
    1111            return rename_func(name)(self, expression)
    1112
    1113        segments = []
    1114        for segment in path.expressions:
    1115            path = self.sql(segment)
    1116            if path:
    1117                if isinstance(segment, exp.JSONPathPart) and (
    1118                    quoted_index or not isinstance(segment, exp.JSONPathSubscript)
    1119                ):
    1120                    path = f"{self.dialect.QUOTE_START}{path}{self.dialect.QUOTE_END}"
    1121
    1122                segments.append(path)
    1123
    1124        if op:
    1125            return f" {op} ".join([self.sql(expression.this), *segments])
    1126        return self.func(name, expression.this, *segments)
    1127
    1128    return _json_extract_segments

def json_path_key_only_name( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey) -> str: View Source

    1131def json_path_key_only_name(self: Generator, expression: exp.JSONPathKey) -> str:
    1132    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.JSONPathWildcard):
    1133        self.unsupported("Unsupported wildcard in JSONPathKey expression")
    1134
    1135    return expression.name

def filter_array_using_unnest( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter) -> str: View Source

    1138def filter_array_using_unnest(self: Generator, expression: exp.ArrayFilter) -> str:
    1139    cond = expression.expression
    1140    if isinstance(cond, exp.Lambda) and len(cond.expressions) == 1:
    1141        alias = cond.expressions[0]
    1142        cond = cond.this
    1143    elif isinstance(cond, exp.Predicate):
    1144        alias = "_u"
    1145    else:
    1146        self.unsupported("Unsupported filter condition")
    1147        return ""
    1148
    1149    unnest = exp.Unnest(expressions=[expression.this])
    1150    filtered = exp.select(alias).from_(exp.alias_(unnest, None, table=[alias])).where(cond)
    1151    return self.sql(exp.Array(expressions=[filtered]))

def to_number_with_nls_param( self: sqlglot.generator.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ToNumber) -> str: View Source

    1154def to_number_with_nls_param(self: Generator, expression: exp.ToNumber) -> str:
    1155    return self.func(
    1156        "TO_NUMBER",
    1157        expression.this,
    1158        expression.args.get("format"),
    1159        expression.args.get("nlsparam"),
    1160    )

def build_default_decimal_type( precision: Optional[int] = None, scale: Optional[int] = None) -> Callable[[sqlglot.expressions.DataType], sqlglot.expressions.DataType]: View Source

    1163def build_default_decimal_type(
    1164    precision: t.Optional[int] = None, scale: t.Optional[int] = None
    1165) -> t.Callable[[exp.DataType], exp.DataType]:
    1166    def _builder(dtype: exp.DataType) -> exp.DataType:
    1167        if dtype.expressions or precision is None:
    1168            return dtype
    1169
    1170        params = f"{precision}{f', {scale}' if scale is not None else ''}"
    1171        return exp.DataType.build(f"DECIMAL({params})")
    1172
    1173    return _builder