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# sqlglot.dialects.duckdb

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      1from __future__ import annotations
      2
      3import typing as t
      4
      5from sqlglot import exp, generator, parser, tokens, transforms
      6from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
      7    Dialect,
      8    JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE,
      9    NormalizationStrategy,
     10    approx_count_distinct_sql,
     11    arg_max_or_min_no_count,
     12    arrow_json_extract_sql,
     13    binary_from_function,
     14    bool_xor_sql,
     15    build_default_decimal_type,
     16    date_trunc_to_time,
     17    datestrtodate_sql,
     18    encode_decode_sql,
     19    build_formatted_time,
     20    inline_array_unless_query,
     21    no_comment_column_constraint_sql,
     22    no_safe_divide_sql,
     23    no_timestamp_sql,
     24    pivot_column_names,
     25    regexp_extract_sql,
     26    rename_func,
     27    str_position_sql,
     28    str_to_time_sql,
     29    timestamptrunc_sql,
     30    timestrtotime_sql,
     31    unit_to_var,
     32)
     33from sqlglot.helper import seq_get
     34from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
     35
     36
     37def _ts_or_ds_add_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.TsOrDsAdd) -> str:
     38    this = self.sql(expression, "this")
     39    interval = self.sql(exp.Interval(this=expression.expression, unit=unit_to_var(expression)))
     40    return f"CAST({this} AS {self.sql(expression.return_type)}) + {interval}"
     41
     42
     43def _date_delta_sql(
     44    self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.DateAdd | exp.DateSub | exp.TimeAdd
     45) -> str:
     46    this = self.sql(expression, "this")
     47    unit = unit_to_var(expression)
     48    op = "+" if isinstance(expression, (exp.DateAdd, exp.TimeAdd)) else "-"
     49    return f"{this} {op} {self.sql(exp.Interval(this=expression.expression, unit=unit))}"
     50
     51
     52# BigQuery -> DuckDB conversion for the DATE function
     53def _date_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.Date) -> str:
     54    result = f"CAST({self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS DATE)"
     55    zone = self.sql(expression, "zone")
     56
     57    if zone:
     58        date_str = self.func("STRFTIME", result, "'%d/%m/%Y'")
     59        date_str = f"{date_str} || ' ' || {zone}"
     60
     61        # This will create a TIMESTAMP with time zone information
     62        result = self.func("STRPTIME", date_str, "'%d/%m/%Y %Z'")
     63
     64    return result
     65
     66
     67def _array_sort_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.ArraySort) -> str:
     68    if expression.expression:
     69        self.unsupported("DuckDB ARRAY_SORT does not support a comparator")
     70    return self.func("ARRAY_SORT", expression.this)
     71
     72
     73def _sort_array_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.SortArray) -> str:
     74    name = "ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT" if expression.args.get("asc") == exp.false() else "ARRAY_SORT"
     75    return self.func(name, expression.this)
     76
     77
     78def _build_sort_array_desc(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
     79    return exp.SortArray(this=seq_get(args, 0), asc=exp.false())
     80
     81
     82def _build_date_diff(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
     83    return exp.DateDiff(this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0))
     84
     85
     86def _build_generate_series(end_exclusive: bool = False) -> t.Callable[[t.List], exp.GenerateSeries]:
     87    def _builder(args: t.List) -> exp.GenerateSeries:
     88        # Check https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/functions/nested.html#range-functions
     89        if len(args) == 1:
     90            # DuckDB uses 0 as a default for the series' start when it's omitted
     91            args.insert(0, exp.Literal.number("0"))
     92
     93        gen_series = exp.GenerateSeries.from_arg_list(args)
     94        gen_series.set("is_end_exclusive", end_exclusive)
     95
     96        return gen_series
     97
     98    return _builder
     99
    100
    101def _build_make_timestamp(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
    102    if len(args) == 1:
    103        return exp.UnixToTime(this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MICROS)
    104
    105    return exp.TimestampFromParts(
    106        year=seq_get(args, 0),
    107        month=seq_get(args, 1),
    108        day=seq_get(args, 2),
    109        hour=seq_get(args, 3),
    110        min=seq_get(args, 4),
    111        sec=seq_get(args, 5),
    112    )
    113
    114
    115def _struct_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
    116    args: t.List[str] = []
    117    for i, expr in enumerate(expression.expressions):
    118        if isinstance(expr, exp.PropertyEQ):
    119            key = expr.name
    120            value = expr.expression
    121        else:
    122            key = f"_{i}"
    123            value = expr
    124
    125        args.append(f"{self.sql(exp.Literal.string(key))}: {self.sql(value)}")
    126
    127    return f"{{{', '.join(args)}}}"
    128
    129
    130def _datatype_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
    131    if expression.is_type("array"):
    132        return f"{self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}[]"
    133
    134    # Type TIMESTAMP / TIME WITH TIME ZONE does not support any modifiers
    135    if expression.is_type("timestamptz", "timetz"):
    136        return expression.this.value
    137
    138    return self.datatype_sql(expression)
    139
    140
    141def _json_format_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.JSONFormat) -> str:
    142    sql = self.func("TO_JSON", expression.this, expression.args.get("options"))
    143    return f"CAST({sql} AS TEXT)"
    144
    145
    146def _unix_to_time_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.UnixToTime) -> str:
    147    scale = expression.args.get("scale")
    148    timestamp = expression.this
    149
    150    if scale in (None, exp.UnixToTime.SECONDS):
    151        return self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", timestamp)
    152    if scale == exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS:
    153        return self.func("EPOCH_MS", timestamp)
    154    if scale == exp.UnixToTime.MICROS:
    155        return self.func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP", timestamp)
    156
    157    return self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", exp.Div(this=timestamp, expression=exp.func("POW", 10, scale)))
    158
    159
    160def _arrow_json_extract_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE) -> str:
    161    arrow_sql = arrow_json_extract_sql(self, expression)
    162    if not expression.same_parent and isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Binary):
    163        arrow_sql = self.wrap(arrow_sql)
    164    return arrow_sql
    165
    166
    167class DuckDB(Dialect):
    168    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_last"
    169    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
    170    SAFE_DIVISION = True
    171    INDEX_OFFSET = 1
    172    CONCAT_COALESCE = True
    173
    174    # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/introduction.html#creating-a-new-table
    175    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
    176
    177    def to_json_path(self, path: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    178        if isinstance(path, exp.Literal):
    179            # DuckDB also supports the JSON pointer syntax, where every path starts with a `/`.
    180            # Additionally, it allows accessing the back of lists using the `[#-i]` syntax.
    181            # This check ensures we'll avoid trying to parse these as JSON paths, which can
    182            # either result in a noisy warning or in an invalid representation of the path.
    183            path_text = path.name
    184            if path_text.startswith("/") or "[#" in path_text:
    185                return path
    186
    187        return super().to_json_path(path)
    188
    189    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    190        HEREDOC_STRINGS = ["$"]
    191
    192        HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER = True
    193        HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE = TokenType.PARAMETER
    194
    195        KEYWORDS = {
    196            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    197            "//": TokenType.DIV,
    198            "ATTACH": TokenType.COMMAND,
    199            "BINARY": TokenType.VARBINARY,
    200            "BITSTRING": TokenType.BIT,
    201            "BPCHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
    202            "CHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
    203            "CHARACTER VARYING": TokenType.TEXT,
    204            "EXCLUDE": TokenType.EXCEPT,
    205            "LOGICAL": TokenType.BOOLEAN,
    206            "ONLY": TokenType.ONLY,
    207            "PIVOT_WIDER": TokenType.PIVOT,
    208            "POSITIONAL": TokenType.POSITIONAL,
    209            "SIGNED": TokenType.INT,
    210            "STRING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
    211            "UBIGINT": TokenType.UBIGINT,
    212            "UINTEGER": TokenType.UINT,
    213            "USMALLINT": TokenType.USMALLINT,
    214            "UTINYINT": TokenType.UTINYINT,
    215            "TIMESTAMP_S": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S,
    216            "TIMESTAMP_MS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS,
    217            "TIMESTAMP_NS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS,
    218            "TIMESTAMP_US": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
    219        }
    220
    221        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
    222            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
    223            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
    224        }
    225
    226    class Parser(parser.Parser):
    227        BITWISE = {
    228            **parser.Parser.BITWISE,
    229            TokenType.TILDA: exp.RegexpLike,
    230        }
    231
    232        FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS = {*parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS, "STRUCT_PACK"}
    233
    234        FUNCTIONS = {
    235            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
    236            "ARRAY_HAS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
    237            "ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
    238            "ARRAY_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
    239            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_diff,
    240            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_diff,
    241            "DATE_TRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
    242            "DATETRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
    243            "DECODE": lambda args: exp.Decode(
    244                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
    245            ),
    246            "ENCODE": lambda args: exp.Encode(
    247                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
    248            ),
    249            "EPOCH": exp.TimeToUnix.from_arg_list,
    250            "EPOCH_MS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
    251                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS
    252            ),
    253            "JSON": exp.ParseJSON.from_arg_list,
    254            "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtract),
    255            "JSON_EXTRACT_STRING": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
    256            "LIST_HAS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
    257            "LIST_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
    258            "LIST_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
    259            "LIST_VALUE": exp.Array.from_arg_list,
    260            "MAKE_TIME": exp.TimeFromParts.from_arg_list,
    261            "MAKE_TIMESTAMP": _build_make_timestamp,
    262            "MEDIAN": lambda args: exp.PercentileCont(
    263                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(0.5)
    264            ),
    265            "QUANTILE_CONT": exp.PercentileCont.from_arg_list,
    266            "QUANTILE_DISC": exp.PercentileDisc.from_arg_list,
    267            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": lambda args: exp.RegexpExtract(
    268                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1), group=seq_get(args, 2)
    269            ),
    270            "REGEXP_MATCHES": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
    271            "REGEXP_REPLACE": lambda args: exp.RegexpReplace(
    272                this=seq_get(args, 0),
    273                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
    274                replacement=seq_get(args, 2),
    275                modifiers=seq_get(args, 3),
    276            ),
    277            "STRFTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "duckdb"),
    278            "STRING_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
    279            "STRING_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
    280            "STRING_TO_ARRAY": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
    281            "STRPTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.StrToTime, "duckdb"),
    282            "STRUCT_PACK": exp.Struct.from_arg_list,
    283            "STR_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
    284            "STR_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
    285            "TO_TIMESTAMP": exp.UnixToTime.from_arg_list,
    286            "UNNEST": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
    287            "XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
    288            "GENERATE_SERIES": _build_generate_series(),
    289            "RANGE": _build_generate_series(end_exclusive=True),
    290        }
    291
    292        FUNCTIONS.pop("DATE_SUB")
    293
    294        FUNCTION_PARSERS = parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS.copy()
    295        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("DECODE")
    296
    297        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    298            **parser.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
    299            "MAP": lambda self: self._parse_map(),
    300        }
    301
    302        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS - {
    303            TokenType.SEMI,
    304            TokenType.ANTI,
    305        }
    306
    307        PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS = {
    308            **parser.Parser.PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS,
    309            TokenType.PARAMETER: lambda self: (
    310                self.expression(exp.Placeholder, this=self._prev.text)
    311                if self._match(TokenType.NUMBER) or self._match_set(self.ID_VAR_TOKENS)
    312                else None
    313            ),
    314        }
    315
    316        TYPE_CONVERTER = {
    317            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/numeric
    318            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: build_default_decimal_type(precision=18, scale=3),
    319        }
    320
    321        def _parse_table_sample(self, as_modifier: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.TableSample]:
    322            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/samples.html
    323            sample = super()._parse_table_sample(as_modifier=as_modifier)
    324            if sample and not sample.args.get("method"):
    325                if sample.args.get("size"):
    326                    sample.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
    327                else:
    328                    sample.set("method", exp.var("SYSTEM"))
    329
    330            return sample
    331
    332        def _parse_bracket(
    333            self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None
    334        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    335            bracket = super()._parse_bracket(this)
    336            if isinstance(bracket, exp.Bracket):
    337                bracket.set("returns_list_for_maps", True)
    338
    339            return bracket
    340
    341        def _parse_map(self) -> exp.ToMap | exp.Map:
    342            if self._match(TokenType.L_BRACE, advance=False):
    343                return self.expression(exp.ToMap, this=self._parse_bracket())
    344
    345            args = self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_conjunction)
    346            return self.expression(exp.Map, keys=seq_get(args, 0), values=seq_get(args, 1))
    347
    348        def _parse_struct_types(self, type_required: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    349            return self._parse_field_def()
    350
    351        def _pivot_column_names(self, aggregations: t.List[exp.Expression]) -> t.List[str]:
    352            if len(aggregations) == 1:
    353                return super()._pivot_column_names(aggregations)
    354            return pivot_column_names(aggregations, dialect="duckdb")
    355
    356    class Generator(generator.Generator):
    357        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
    358        NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = "$"
    359        JOIN_HINTS = False
    360        TABLE_HINTS = False
    361        QUERY_HINTS = False
    362        LIMIT_FETCH = "LIMIT"
    363        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
    364        RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
    365        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
    366        SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE = False
    367        TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS = "USING SAMPLE"
    368        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
    369        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
    370        JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ","
    371        IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC = True
    372        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
    373        SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE = False
    374        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
    375        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
    376        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
    377        COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = False
    378        STAR_EXCEPT = "EXCLUDE"
    379
    380        TRANSFORMS = {
    381            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
    382            exp.ApproxDistinct: approx_count_distinct_sql,
    383            exp.Array: inline_array_unless_query,
    384            exp.ArrayFilter: rename_func("LIST_FILTER"),
    385            exp.ArraySize: rename_func("ARRAY_LENGTH"),
    386            exp.ArgMax: arg_max_or_min_no_count("ARG_MAX"),
    387            exp.ArgMin: arg_max_or_min_no_count("ARG_MIN"),
    388            exp.ArraySort: _array_sort_sql,
    389            exp.ArraySum: rename_func("LIST_SUM"),
    390            exp.BitwiseXor: rename_func("XOR"),
    391            exp.CommentColumnConstraint: no_comment_column_constraint_sql,
    392            exp.CurrentDate: lambda *_: "CURRENT_DATE",
    393            exp.CurrentTime: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIME",
    394            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
    395            exp.DayOfMonth: rename_func("DAYOFMONTH"),
    396            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
    397            exp.DayOfYear: rename_func("DAYOFYEAR"),
    398            exp.DataType: _datatype_sql,
    399            exp.Date: _date_sql,
    400            exp.DateAdd: _date_delta_sql,
    401            exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("MAKE_DATE"),
    402            exp.DateSub: _date_delta_sql,
    403            exp.DateDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
    404                "DATE_DIFF", f"'{e.args.get('unit') or 'DAY'}'", e.expression, e.this
    405            ),
    406            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
    407            exp.DateToDi: lambda self,
    408            e: f"CAST(STRFTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS INT)",
    409            exp.Decode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "DECODE", replace=False),
    410            exp.DiToDate: lambda self,
    411            e: f"CAST(STRPTIME(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS DATE)",
    412            exp.Encode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "ENCODE", replace=False),
    413            exp.Explode: rename_func("UNNEST"),
    414            exp.IntDiv: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "//"),
    415            exp.IsInf: rename_func("ISINF"),
    416            exp.IsNan: rename_func("ISNAN"),
    417            exp.JSONExtract: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
    418            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
    419            exp.JSONFormat: _json_format_sql,
    420            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
    421            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
    422            exp.MD5Digest: lambda self, e: self.func("UNHEX", self.func("MD5", e.this)),
    423            exp.MonthsBetween: lambda self, e: self.func(
    424                "DATEDIFF",
    425                "'month'",
    426                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
    427                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
    428            ),
    429            exp.ParseJSON: rename_func("JSON"),
    430            exp.PercentileCont: rename_func("QUANTILE_CONT"),
    431            exp.PercentileDisc: rename_func("QUANTILE_DISC"),
    432            # DuckDB doesn't allow qualified columns inside of PIVOT expressions.
    433            # See: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/671faf92411182f81dce42ac43de8bfb05d9909e/src/planner/binder/tableref/bind_pivot.cpp#L61-L62
    434            exp.Pivot: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unqualify_columns]),
    435            exp.RegexpExtract: regexp_extract_sql,
    436            exp.RegexpReplace: lambda self, e: self.func(
    437                "REGEXP_REPLACE",
    438                e.this,
    439                e.expression,
    440                e.args.get("replacement"),
    441                e.args.get("modifiers"),
    442            ),
    443            exp.RegexpLike: rename_func("REGEXP_MATCHES"),
    444            exp.RegexpSplit: rename_func("STR_SPLIT_REGEX"),
    445            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
    446            exp.SafeDivide: no_safe_divide_sql,
    447            exp.Split: rename_func("STR_SPLIT"),
    448            exp.SortArray: _sort_array_sql,
    449            exp.StrPosition: str_position_sql,
    450            exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: f"CAST({str_to_time_sql(self, e)} AS DATE)",
    451            exp.StrToTime: str_to_time_sql,
    452            exp.StrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
    453                "EPOCH", self.func("STRPTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e))
    454            ),
    455            exp.Struct: _struct_sql,
    456            exp.TimeAdd: _date_delta_sql,
    457            exp.Timestamp: no_timestamp_sql,
    458            exp.TimestampDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
    459                "DATE_DIFF", exp.Literal.string(e.unit), e.expression, e.this
    460            ),
    461            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql(),
    462            exp.TimeStrToDate: lambda self, e: self.sql(exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE)),
    463            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
    464            exp.TimeStrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
    465                "EPOCH", exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
    466            ),
    467            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("STRFTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
    468            exp.TimeToUnix: rename_func("EPOCH"),
    469            exp.TsOrDiToDi: lambda self,
    470            e: f"CAST(SUBSTR(REPLACE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), '-', ''), 1, 8) AS INT)",
    471            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _ts_or_ds_add_sql,
    472            exp.TsOrDsDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
    473                "DATE_DIFF",
    474                f"'{e.args.get('unit') or 'DAY'}'",
    475                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
    476                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
    477            ),
    478            exp.UnixToStr: lambda self, e: self.func(
    479                "STRFTIME", self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this), self.format_time(e)
    480            ),
    481            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
    482            exp.UnixToTimeStr: lambda self, e: f"CAST(TO_TIMESTAMP({self.sql(e, 'this')}) AS TEXT)",
    483            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
    484            exp.WeekOfYear: rename_func("WEEKOFYEAR"),
    485            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
    486        }
    487
    488        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
    489            exp.JSONPathKey,
    490            exp.JSONPathRoot,
    491            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
    492            exp.JSONPathWildcard,
    493        }
    494
    495        TYPE_MAPPING = {
    496            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
    497            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BLOB",
    498            exp.DataType.Type.CHAR: "TEXT",
    499            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
    500            exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "TEXT",
    501            exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "TEXT",
    502            exp.DataType.Type.UINT: "UINTEGER",
    503            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BLOB",
    504            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "BLOB",
    505            exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR: "TEXT",
    506            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_S: "TIMESTAMP_S",
    507            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_MS: "TIMESTAMP_MS",
    508            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_NS: "TIMESTAMP_NS",
    509        }
    510
    511        UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES = (exp.Literal, exp.Paren)
    512
    513        # DuckDB doesn't generally support CREATE TABLE .. properties
    514        # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/statements/create_table.html
    515        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
    516            prop: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED
    517            for prop in generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION
    518        }
    519
    520        # There are a few exceptions (e.g. temporary tables) which are supported or
    521        # can be transpiled to DuckDB, so we explicitly override them accordingly
    522        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.LikeProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA
    523        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.TemporaryProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE
    524
    525        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
    526            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    527            if nano is not None:
    528                expression.set(
    529                    "sec", expression.args["sec"] + nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
    530                )
    531
    532            return rename_func("MAKE_TIME")(self, expression)
    533
    534        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
    535            sec = expression.args["sec"]
    536
    537            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
    538            if milli is not None:
    539                sec += milli.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000.0)
    540
    541            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    542            if nano is not None:
    543                sec += nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
    544
    545            if milli or nano:
    546                expression.set("sec", sec)
    547
    548            return rename_func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP")(self, expression)
    549
    550        def tablesample_sql(
    551            self,
    552            expression: exp.TableSample,
    553            sep: str = " AS ",
    554            tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None,
    555        ) -> str:
    556            if not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Select):
    557                # This sample clause only applies to a single source, not the entire resulting relation
    558                tablesample_keyword = "TABLESAMPLE"
    559
    560            if expression.args.get("size"):
    561                method = expression.args.get("method")
    562                if method and method.name.upper() != "RESERVOIR":
    563                    self.unsupported(
    564                        f"Sampling method {method} is not supported with a discrete sample count, "
    565                        "defaulting to reservoir sampling"
    566                    )
    567                    expression.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
    568
    569            return super().tablesample_sql(
    570                expression, sep=sep, tablesample_keyword=tablesample_keyword
    571            )
    572
    573        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
    574            multiplier: t.Optional[int] = None
    575            unit = expression.text("unit").lower()
    576
    577            if unit.startswith("week"):
    578                multiplier = 7
    579            if unit.startswith("quarter"):
    580                multiplier = 90
    581
    582            if multiplier:
    583                return f"({multiplier} * {super().interval_sql(exp.Interval(this=expression.this, unit=exp.var('DAY')))})"
    584
    585            return super().interval_sql(expression)
    586
    587        def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str:
    588            if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction):
    589                return self.sql(expression, "this")
    590            return super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)
    591
    592        def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str:
    593            if (
    594                expression.side == "LEFT"
    595                and not expression.args.get("on")
    596                and isinstance(expression.this, exp.Unnest)
    597            ):
    598                # Some dialects support `LEFT JOIN UNNEST(...)` without an explicit ON clause
    599                # DuckDB doesn't, but we can just add a dummy ON clause that is always true
    600                return super().join_sql(expression.on(exp.true()))
    601
    602            return super().join_sql(expression)
    603
    604        def generateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.GenerateSeries) -> str:
    605            # GENERATE_SERIES(a, b) -> [a, b], RANGE(a, b) -> [a, b)
    606            if expression.args.get("is_end_exclusive"):
    607                expression.set("is_end_exclusive", None)
    608                return rename_func("RANGE")(self, expression)
    609
    610            return super().generateseries_sql(expression)
    611
    612        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
    613            this = expression.this
    614            if isinstance(this, exp.Array):
    615                this.replace(exp.paren(this))
    616
    617            bracket = super().bracket_sql(expression)
    618
    619            if not expression.args.get("returns_list_for_maps"):
    620                if not this.type:
    621                    from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    622
    623                    this = annotate_types(this)
    624
    625                if this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.MAP):
    626                    bracket = f"({bracket})[1]"
    627
    628            return bracket
    629
    630        def withingroup_sql(self, expression: exp.WithinGroup) -> str:
    631            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    632
    633            func = expression.this
    634            if isinstance(func, exp.PERCENTILES):
    635                # Make the order key the first arg and slide the fraction to the right
    636                # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/aggregates#ordered-set-aggregate-functions
    637                order_col = expression.find(exp.Ordered)
    638                if order_col:
    639                    func.set("expression", func.this)
    640                    func.set("this", order_col.this)
    641
    642            this = self.sql(expression, "this").rstrip(")")
    643
    644            return f"{this}{expression_sql})"

class DuckDB(sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect): View Source

    168class DuckDB(Dialect):
    169    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_last"
    170    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
    171    SAFE_DIVISION = True
    172    INDEX_OFFSET = 1
    173    CONCAT_COALESCE = True
    174
    175    # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/introduction.html#creating-a-new-table
    176    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
    177
    178    def to_json_path(self, path: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    179        if isinstance(path, exp.Literal):
    180            # DuckDB also supports the JSON pointer syntax, where every path starts with a `/`.
    181            # Additionally, it allows accessing the back of lists using the `[#-i]` syntax.
    182            # This check ensures we'll avoid trying to parse these as JSON paths, which can
    183            # either result in a noisy warning or in an invalid representation of the path.
    184            path_text = path.name
    185            if path_text.startswith("/") or "[#" in path_text:
    186                return path
    187
    188        return super().to_json_path(path)
    189
    190    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    191        HEREDOC_STRINGS = ["$"]
    192
    193        HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER = True
    194        HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE = TokenType.PARAMETER
    195
    196        KEYWORDS = {
    197            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    198            "//": TokenType.DIV,
    199            "ATTACH": TokenType.COMMAND,
    200            "BINARY": TokenType.VARBINARY,
    201            "BITSTRING": TokenType.BIT,
    202            "BPCHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
    203            "CHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
    204            "CHARACTER VARYING": TokenType.TEXT,
    205            "EXCLUDE": TokenType.EXCEPT,
    206            "LOGICAL": TokenType.BOOLEAN,
    207            "ONLY": TokenType.ONLY,
    208            "PIVOT_WIDER": TokenType.PIVOT,
    209            "POSITIONAL": TokenType.POSITIONAL,
    210            "SIGNED": TokenType.INT,
    211            "STRING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
    212            "UBIGINT": TokenType.UBIGINT,
    213            "UINTEGER": TokenType.UINT,
    214            "USMALLINT": TokenType.USMALLINT,
    215            "UTINYINT": TokenType.UTINYINT,
    216            "TIMESTAMP_S": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S,
    217            "TIMESTAMP_MS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS,
    218            "TIMESTAMP_NS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS,
    219            "TIMESTAMP_US": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
    220        }
    221
    222        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
    223            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
    224            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
    225        }
    226
    227    class Parser(parser.Parser):
    228        BITWISE = {
    229            **parser.Parser.BITWISE,
    230            TokenType.TILDA: exp.RegexpLike,
    231        }
    232
    233        FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS = {*parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS, "STRUCT_PACK"}
    234
    235        FUNCTIONS = {
    236            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
    237            "ARRAY_HAS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
    238            "ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
    239            "ARRAY_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
    240            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_diff,
    241            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_diff,
    242            "DATE_TRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
    243            "DATETRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
    244            "DECODE": lambda args: exp.Decode(
    245                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
    246            ),
    247            "ENCODE": lambda args: exp.Encode(
    248                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
    249            ),
    250            "EPOCH": exp.TimeToUnix.from_arg_list,
    251            "EPOCH_MS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
    252                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS
    253            ),
    254            "JSON": exp.ParseJSON.from_arg_list,
    255            "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtract),
    256            "JSON_EXTRACT_STRING": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
    257            "LIST_HAS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
    258            "LIST_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
    259            "LIST_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
    260            "LIST_VALUE": exp.Array.from_arg_list,
    261            "MAKE_TIME": exp.TimeFromParts.from_arg_list,
    262            "MAKE_TIMESTAMP": _build_make_timestamp,
    263            "MEDIAN": lambda args: exp.PercentileCont(
    264                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(0.5)
    265            ),
    266            "QUANTILE_CONT": exp.PercentileCont.from_arg_list,
    267            "QUANTILE_DISC": exp.PercentileDisc.from_arg_list,
    268            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": lambda args: exp.RegexpExtract(
    269                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1), group=seq_get(args, 2)
    270            ),
    271            "REGEXP_MATCHES": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
    272            "REGEXP_REPLACE": lambda args: exp.RegexpReplace(
    273                this=seq_get(args, 0),
    274                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
    275                replacement=seq_get(args, 2),
    276                modifiers=seq_get(args, 3),
    277            ),
    278            "STRFTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "duckdb"),
    279            "STRING_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
    280            "STRING_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
    281            "STRING_TO_ARRAY": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
    282            "STRPTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.StrToTime, "duckdb"),
    283            "STRUCT_PACK": exp.Struct.from_arg_list,
    284            "STR_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
    285            "STR_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
    286            "TO_TIMESTAMP": exp.UnixToTime.from_arg_list,
    287            "UNNEST": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
    288            "XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
    289            "GENERATE_SERIES": _build_generate_series(),
    290            "RANGE": _build_generate_series(end_exclusive=True),
    291        }
    292
    293        FUNCTIONS.pop("DATE_SUB")
    294
    295        FUNCTION_PARSERS = parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS.copy()
    296        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("DECODE")
    297
    298        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    299            **parser.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
    300            "MAP": lambda self: self._parse_map(),
    301        }
    302
    303        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS - {
    304            TokenType.SEMI,
    305            TokenType.ANTI,
    306        }
    307
    308        PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS = {
    309            **parser.Parser.PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS,
    310            TokenType.PARAMETER: lambda self: (
    311                self.expression(exp.Placeholder, this=self._prev.text)
    312                if self._match(TokenType.NUMBER) or self._match_set(self.ID_VAR_TOKENS)
    313                else None
    314            ),
    315        }
    316
    317        TYPE_CONVERTER = {
    318            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/numeric
    319            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: build_default_decimal_type(precision=18, scale=3),
    320        }
    321
    322        def _parse_table_sample(self, as_modifier: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.TableSample]:
    323            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/samples.html
    324            sample = super()._parse_table_sample(as_modifier=as_modifier)
    325            if sample and not sample.args.get("method"):
    326                if sample.args.get("size"):
    327                    sample.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
    328                else:
    329                    sample.set("method", exp.var("SYSTEM"))
    330
    331            return sample
    332
    333        def _parse_bracket(
    334            self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None
    335        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    336            bracket = super()._parse_bracket(this)
    337            if isinstance(bracket, exp.Bracket):
    338                bracket.set("returns_list_for_maps", True)
    339
    340            return bracket
    341
    342        def _parse_map(self) -> exp.ToMap | exp.Map:
    343            if self._match(TokenType.L_BRACE, advance=False):
    344                return self.expression(exp.ToMap, this=self._parse_bracket())
    345
    346            args = self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_conjunction)
    347            return self.expression(exp.Map, keys=seq_get(args, 0), values=seq_get(args, 1))
    348
    349        def _parse_struct_types(self, type_required: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    350            return self._parse_field_def()
    351
    352        def _pivot_column_names(self, aggregations: t.List[exp.Expression]) -> t.List[str]:
    353            if len(aggregations) == 1:
    354                return super()._pivot_column_names(aggregations)
    355            return pivot_column_names(aggregations, dialect="duckdb")
    356
    357    class Generator(generator.Generator):
    358        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
    359        NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = "$"
    360        JOIN_HINTS = False
    361        TABLE_HINTS = False
    362        QUERY_HINTS = False
    363        LIMIT_FETCH = "LIMIT"
    364        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
    365        RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
    366        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
    367        SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE = False
    368        TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS = "USING SAMPLE"
    369        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
    370        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
    371        JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ","
    372        IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC = True
    373        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
    374        SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE = False
    375        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
    376        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
    377        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
    378        COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = False
    379        STAR_EXCEPT = "EXCLUDE"
    380
    381        TRANSFORMS = {
    382            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
    383            exp.ApproxDistinct: approx_count_distinct_sql,
    384            exp.Array: inline_array_unless_query,
    385            exp.ArrayFilter: rename_func("LIST_FILTER"),
    386            exp.ArraySize: rename_func("ARRAY_LENGTH"),
    387            exp.ArgMax: arg_max_or_min_no_count("ARG_MAX"),
    388            exp.ArgMin: arg_max_or_min_no_count("ARG_MIN"),
    389            exp.ArraySort: _array_sort_sql,
    390            exp.ArraySum: rename_func("LIST_SUM"),
    391            exp.BitwiseXor: rename_func("XOR"),
    392            exp.CommentColumnConstraint: no_comment_column_constraint_sql,
    393            exp.CurrentDate: lambda *_: "CURRENT_DATE",
    394            exp.CurrentTime: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIME",
    395            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
    396            exp.DayOfMonth: rename_func("DAYOFMONTH"),
    397            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
    398            exp.DayOfYear: rename_func("DAYOFYEAR"),
    399            exp.DataType: _datatype_sql,
    400            exp.Date: _date_sql,
    401            exp.DateAdd: _date_delta_sql,
    402            exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("MAKE_DATE"),
    403            exp.DateSub: _date_delta_sql,
    404            exp.DateDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
    405                "DATE_DIFF", f"'{e.args.get('unit') or 'DAY'}'", e.expression, e.this
    406            ),
    407            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
    408            exp.DateToDi: lambda self,
    409            e: f"CAST(STRFTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS INT)",
    410            exp.Decode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "DECODE", replace=False),
    411            exp.DiToDate: lambda self,
    412            e: f"CAST(STRPTIME(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS DATE)",
    413            exp.Encode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "ENCODE", replace=False),
    414            exp.Explode: rename_func("UNNEST"),
    415            exp.IntDiv: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "//"),
    416            exp.IsInf: rename_func("ISINF"),
    417            exp.IsNan: rename_func("ISNAN"),
    418            exp.JSONExtract: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
    419            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
    420            exp.JSONFormat: _json_format_sql,
    421            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
    422            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
    423            exp.MD5Digest: lambda self, e: self.func("UNHEX", self.func("MD5", e.this)),
    424            exp.MonthsBetween: lambda self, e: self.func(
    425                "DATEDIFF",
    426                "'month'",
    427                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
    428                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
    429            ),
    430            exp.ParseJSON: rename_func("JSON"),
    431            exp.PercentileCont: rename_func("QUANTILE_CONT"),
    432            exp.PercentileDisc: rename_func("QUANTILE_DISC"),
    433            # DuckDB doesn't allow qualified columns inside of PIVOT expressions.
    434            # See: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/671faf92411182f81dce42ac43de8bfb05d9909e/src/planner/binder/tableref/bind_pivot.cpp#L61-L62
    435            exp.Pivot: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unqualify_columns]),
    436            exp.RegexpExtract: regexp_extract_sql,
    437            exp.RegexpReplace: lambda self, e: self.func(
    438                "REGEXP_REPLACE",
    439                e.this,
    440                e.expression,
    441                e.args.get("replacement"),
    442                e.args.get("modifiers"),
    443            ),
    444            exp.RegexpLike: rename_func("REGEXP_MATCHES"),
    445            exp.RegexpSplit: rename_func("STR_SPLIT_REGEX"),
    446            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
    447            exp.SafeDivide: no_safe_divide_sql,
    448            exp.Split: rename_func("STR_SPLIT"),
    449            exp.SortArray: _sort_array_sql,
    450            exp.StrPosition: str_position_sql,
    451            exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: f"CAST({str_to_time_sql(self, e)} AS DATE)",
    452            exp.StrToTime: str_to_time_sql,
    453            exp.StrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
    454                "EPOCH", self.func("STRPTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e))
    455            ),
    456            exp.Struct: _struct_sql,
    457            exp.TimeAdd: _date_delta_sql,
    458            exp.Timestamp: no_timestamp_sql,
    459            exp.TimestampDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
    460                "DATE_DIFF", exp.Literal.string(e.unit), e.expression, e.this
    461            ),
    462            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql(),
    463            exp.TimeStrToDate: lambda self, e: self.sql(exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE)),
    464            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
    465            exp.TimeStrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
    466                "EPOCH", exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
    467            ),
    468            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("STRFTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
    469            exp.TimeToUnix: rename_func("EPOCH"),
    470            exp.TsOrDiToDi: lambda self,
    471            e: f"CAST(SUBSTR(REPLACE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), '-', ''), 1, 8) AS INT)",
    472            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _ts_or_ds_add_sql,
    473            exp.TsOrDsDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
    474                "DATE_DIFF",
    475                f"'{e.args.get('unit') or 'DAY'}'",
    476                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
    477                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
    478            ),
    479            exp.UnixToStr: lambda self, e: self.func(
    480                "STRFTIME", self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this), self.format_time(e)
    481            ),
    482            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
    483            exp.UnixToTimeStr: lambda self, e: f"CAST(TO_TIMESTAMP({self.sql(e, 'this')}) AS TEXT)",
    484            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
    485            exp.WeekOfYear: rename_func("WEEKOFYEAR"),
    486            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
    487        }
    488
    489        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
    490            exp.JSONPathKey,
    491            exp.JSONPathRoot,
    492            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
    493            exp.JSONPathWildcard,
    494        }
    495
    496        TYPE_MAPPING = {
    497            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
    498            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BLOB",
    499            exp.DataType.Type.CHAR: "TEXT",
    500            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
    501            exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "TEXT",
    502            exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "TEXT",
    503            exp.DataType.Type.UINT: "UINTEGER",
    504            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BLOB",
    505            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "BLOB",
    506            exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR: "TEXT",
    507            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_S: "TIMESTAMP_S",
    508            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_MS: "TIMESTAMP_MS",
    509            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_NS: "TIMESTAMP_NS",
    510        }
    511
    512        UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES = (exp.Literal, exp.Paren)
    513
    514        # DuckDB doesn't generally support CREATE TABLE .. properties
    515        # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/statements/create_table.html
    516        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
    517            prop: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED
    518            for prop in generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION
    519        }
    520
    521        # There are a few exceptions (e.g. temporary tables) which are supported or
    522        # can be transpiled to DuckDB, so we explicitly override them accordingly
    523        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.LikeProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA
    524        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.TemporaryProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE
    525
    526        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
    527            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    528            if nano is not None:
    529                expression.set(
    530                    "sec", expression.args["sec"] + nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
    531                )
    532
    533            return rename_func("MAKE_TIME")(self, expression)
    534
    535        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
    536            sec = expression.args["sec"]
    537
    538            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
    539            if milli is not None:
    540                sec += milli.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000.0)
    541
    542            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    543            if nano is not None:
    544                sec += nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
    545
    546            if milli or nano:
    547                expression.set("sec", sec)
    548
    549            return rename_func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP")(self, expression)
    550
    551        def tablesample_sql(
    552            self,
    553            expression: exp.TableSample,
    554            sep: str = " AS ",
    555            tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None,
    556        ) -> str:
    557            if not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Select):
    558                # This sample clause only applies to a single source, not the entire resulting relation
    559                tablesample_keyword = "TABLESAMPLE"
    560
    561            if expression.args.get("size"):
    562                method = expression.args.get("method")
    563                if method and method.name.upper() != "RESERVOIR":
    564                    self.unsupported(
    565                        f"Sampling method {method} is not supported with a discrete sample count, "
    566                        "defaulting to reservoir sampling"
    567                    )
    568                    expression.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
    569
    570            return super().tablesample_sql(
    571                expression, sep=sep, tablesample_keyword=tablesample_keyword
    572            )
    573
    574        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
    575            multiplier: t.Optional[int] = None
    576            unit = expression.text("unit").lower()
    577
    578            if unit.startswith("week"):
    579                multiplier = 7
    580            if unit.startswith("quarter"):
    581                multiplier = 90
    582
    583            if multiplier:
    584                return f"({multiplier} * {super().interval_sql(exp.Interval(this=expression.this, unit=exp.var('DAY')))})"
    585
    586            return super().interval_sql(expression)
    587
    588        def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str:
    589            if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction):
    590                return self.sql(expression, "this")
    591            return super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)
    592
    593        def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str:
    594            if (
    595                expression.side == "LEFT"
    596                and not expression.args.get("on")
    597                and isinstance(expression.this, exp.Unnest)
    598            ):
    599                # Some dialects support `LEFT JOIN UNNEST(...)` without an explicit ON clause
    600                # DuckDB doesn't, but we can just add a dummy ON clause that is always true
    601                return super().join_sql(expression.on(exp.true()))
    602
    603            return super().join_sql(expression)
    604
    605        def generateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.GenerateSeries) -> str:
    606            # GENERATE_SERIES(a, b) -> [a, b], RANGE(a, b) -> [a, b)
    607            if expression.args.get("is_end_exclusive"):
    608                expression.set("is_end_exclusive", None)
    609                return rename_func("RANGE")(self, expression)
    610
    611            return super().generateseries_sql(expression)
    612
    613        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
    614            this = expression.this
    615            if isinstance(this, exp.Array):
    616                this.replace(exp.paren(this))
    617
    618            bracket = super().bracket_sql(expression)
    619
    620            if not expression.args.get("returns_list_for_maps"):
    621                if not this.type:
    622                    from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    623
    624                    this = annotate_types(this)
    625
    626                if this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.MAP):
    627                    bracket = f"({bracket})[1]"
    628
    629            return bracket
    630
    631        def withingroup_sql(self, expression: exp.WithinGroup) -> str:
    632            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    633
    634            func = expression.this
    635            if isinstance(func, exp.PERCENTILES):
    636                # Make the order key the first arg and slide the fraction to the right
    637                # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/aggregates#ordered-set-aggregate-functions
    638                order_col = expression.find(exp.Ordered)
    639                if order_col:
    640                    func.set("expression", func.this)
    641                    func.set("this", order_col.this)
    642
    643            this = self.sql(expression, "this").rstrip(")")
    644
    645            return f"{this}{expression_sql})"

NULL_ORDERING = 'nulls_are_last'

Default `NULL` ordering method to use if not explicitly set. Possible values: `"nulls_are_small"`, `"nulls_are_large"`, `"nulls_are_last"`

SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False

Whether user-defined data types are supported.

SAFE_DIVISION = True

Whether division by zero throws an error (`False`) or returns NULL (`True`).

INDEX_OFFSET = 1

The base index offset for arrays.

CONCAT_COALESCE = True

A `NULL` arg in `CONCAT` yields `NULL` by default, but in some dialects it yields an empty string.

NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = <NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE: 'CASE_INSENSITIVE'>

Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized.

def to_json_path( self, path: Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]) -> Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]: View Source

    178    def to_json_path(self, path: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    179        if isinstance(path, exp.Literal):
    180            # DuckDB also supports the JSON pointer syntax, where every path starts with a `/`.
    181            # Additionally, it allows accessing the back of lists using the `[#-i]` syntax.
    182            # This check ensures we'll avoid trying to parse these as JSON paths, which can
    183            # either result in a noisy warning or in an invalid representation of the path.
    184            path_text = path.name
    185            if path_text.startswith("/") or "[#" in path_text:
    186                return path
    187
    188        return super().to_json_path(path)

tokenizer_class = <class 'DuckDB.Tokenizer'>
parser_class = <class 'DuckDB.Parser'>
generator_class = <class 'DuckDB.Generator'>
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {}
ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {}
QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
BIT_START: Optional[str] = None
BIT_END: Optional[str] = None
HEX_START: Optional[str] = None
HEX_END: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_START: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_END: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_START: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_END: Optional[str] = None

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect
  Dialect
  WEEK_OFFSET
  UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY
  ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE
  TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT
  IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT
  DPIPE_IS_STRING_CONCAT
  STRICT_STRING_CONCAT
  SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN
  NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS
  LOG_BASE_FIRST
  TYPED_DIVISION
  HEX_LOWERCASE
  DATE_FORMAT
  DATEINT_FORMAT
  TIME_FORMAT
  TIME_MAPPING
  FORMAT_MAPPING
  UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES
  PSEUDOCOLUMNS
  PREFER_CTE_ALIAS_COLUMN
  COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV
  get_or_raise
  format_time
  normalize_identifier
  case_sensitive
  can_identify
  quote_identifier
  parse
  parse_into
  generate
  transpile
  tokenize
  tokenizer
  parser
  generator

class DuckDB.Tokenizer(sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer): View Source

    190    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    191        HEREDOC_STRINGS = ["$"]
    192
    193        HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER = True
    194        HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE = TokenType.PARAMETER
    195
    196        KEYWORDS = {
    197            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    198            "//": TokenType.DIV,
    199            "ATTACH": TokenType.COMMAND,
    200            "BINARY": TokenType.VARBINARY,
    201            "BITSTRING": TokenType.BIT,
    202            "BPCHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
    203            "CHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
    204            "CHARACTER VARYING": TokenType.TEXT,
    205            "EXCLUDE": TokenType.EXCEPT,
    206            "LOGICAL": TokenType.BOOLEAN,
    207            "ONLY": TokenType.ONLY,
    208            "PIVOT_WIDER": TokenType.PIVOT,
    209            "POSITIONAL": TokenType.POSITIONAL,
    210            "SIGNED": TokenType.INT,
    211            "STRING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
    212            "UBIGINT": TokenType.UBIGINT,
    213            "UINTEGER": TokenType.UINT,
    214            "USMALLINT": TokenType.USMALLINT,
    215            "UTINYINT": TokenType.UTINYINT,
    216            "TIMESTAMP_S": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S,
    217            "TIMESTAMP_MS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS,
    218            "TIMESTAMP_NS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS,
    219            "TIMESTAMP_US": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
    220        }
    221
    222        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
    223            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
    224            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
    225        }

HEREDOC_STRINGS = ['$']
HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER = True
HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE = <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>
KEYWORDS = {'{%': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '+%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '{{+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{{-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '+}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '/*+': <TokenType.HINT: 'HINT'>, '==': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '::': <TokenType.DCOLON: 'DCOLON'>, '||': <TokenType.DPIPE: 'DPIPE'>, '>=': <TokenType.GTE: 'GTE'>, '<=': <TokenType.LTE: 'LTE'>, '<>': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, '!=': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, ':=': <TokenType.COLON_EQ: 'COLON_EQ'>, '<=>': <TokenType.NULLSAFE_EQ: 'NULLSAFE_EQ'>, '->': <TokenType.ARROW: 'ARROW'>, '->>': <TokenType.DARROW: 'DARROW'>, '=>': <TokenType.FARROW: 'FARROW'>, '#>': <TokenType.HASH_ARROW: 'HASH_ARROW'>, '#>>': <TokenType.DHASH_ARROW: 'DHASH_ARROW'>, '<->': <TokenType.LR_ARROW: 'LR_ARROW'>, '&&': <TokenType.DAMP: 'DAMP'>, '??': <TokenType.DQMARK: 'DQMARK'>, 'ALL': <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, 'ALWAYS': <TokenType.ALWAYS: 'ALWAYS'>, 'AND': <TokenType.AND: 'AND'>, 'ANTI': <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, 'ANY': <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, 'ASC': <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, 'AS': <TokenType.ALIAS: 'ALIAS'>, 'ASOF': <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, 'AUTOINCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'BEGIN': <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, 'BETWEEN': <TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>, 'CACHE': <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, 'UNCACHE': <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>, 'CASE': <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, 'CHARACTER SET': <TokenType.CHARACTER_SET: 'CHARACTER_SET'>, 'CLUSTER BY': <TokenType.CLUSTER_BY: 'CLUSTER_BY'>, 'COLLATE': <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, 'COLUMN': <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, 'COMMIT': <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, 'CONNECT BY': <TokenType.CONNECT_BY: 'CONNECT_BY'>, 'CONSTRAINT': <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, 'COPY': <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, 'CREATE': <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>, 'CROSS': <TokenType.CROSS: 'CROSS'>, 'CUBE': <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, 'CURRENT_USER': <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, 'DATABASE': <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, 'DEFAULT': <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, 'DELETE': <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, 'DESC': <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, 'DESCRIBE': <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, 'DISTINCT': <TokenType.DISTINCT: 'DISTINCT'>, 'DISTRIBUTE BY': <TokenType.DISTRIBUTE_BY: 'DISTRIBUTE_BY'>, 'DIV': <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, 'DROP': <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>, 'ELSE': <TokenType.ELSE: 'ELSE'>, 'END': <TokenType.END: 'END'>, 'ENUM': <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, 'ESCAPE': <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, 'EXCEPT': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'EXECUTE': <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, 'EXISTS': <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, 'FALSE': <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, 'FETCH': <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>, 'FILTER': <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, 'FIRST': <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, 'FULL': <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, 'FUNCTION': <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, 'FOR': <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>, 'FOREIGN KEY': <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, 'FORMAT': <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, 'FROM': <TokenType.FROM: 'FROM'>, 'GEOGRAPHY': <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, 'GEOMETRY': <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, 'GLOB': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, 'GROUP BY': <TokenType.GROUP_BY: 'GROUP_BY'>, 'GROUPING SETS': <TokenType.GROUPING_SETS: 'GROUPING_SETS'>, 'HAVING': <TokenType.HAVING: 'HAVING'>, 'ILIKE': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, 'IN': <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>, 'INDEX': <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, 'INET': <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, 'INNER': <TokenType.INNER: 'INNER'>, 'INSERT': <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>, 'INTERVAL': <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, 'INTERSECT': <TokenType.INTERSECT: 'INTERSECT'>, 'INTO': <TokenType.INTO: 'INTO'>, 'IS': <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, 'ISNULL': <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, 'JOIN': <TokenType.JOIN: 'JOIN'>, 'KEEP': <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, 'KILL': <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, 'LATERAL': <TokenType.LATERAL: 'LATERAL'>, 'LEFT': <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, 'LIKE': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, 'LIMIT': <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, 'LOAD': <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, 'LOCK': <TokenType.LOCK: 'LOCK'>, 'MERGE': <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, 'NATURAL': <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, 'NEXT': <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, 'NOT': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, 'NOTNULL': <TokenType.NOTNULL: 'NOTNULL'>, 'NULL': <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, 'OBJECT': <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, 'OFFSET': <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, 'ON': <TokenType.ON: 'ON'>, 'OR': <TokenType.OR: 'OR'>, 'XOR': <TokenType.XOR: 'XOR'>, 'ORDER BY': <TokenType.ORDER_BY: 'ORDER_BY'>, 'ORDINALITY': <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, 'OUTER': <TokenType.OUTER: 'OUTER'>, 'OVER': <TokenType.OVER: 'OVER'>, 'OVERLAPS': <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, 'OVERWRITE': <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, 'PARTITION': <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, 'PARTITION BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PERCENT': <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, 'PIVOT': <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, 'PRAGMA': <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <TokenType.PRIMARY_KEY: 'PRIMARY_KEY'>, 'PROCEDURE': <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, 'QUALIFY': <TokenType.QUALIFY: 'QUALIFY'>, 'RANGE': <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, 'RECURSIVE': <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, 'REGEXP': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'REPLACE': <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, 'RETURNING': <TokenType.RETURNING: 'RETURNING'>, 'REFERENCES': <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, 'RIGHT': <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, 'RLIKE': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'ROLLBACK': <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>, 'ROLLUP': <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, 'ROW': <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, 'ROWS': <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, 'SCHEMA': <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, 'SELECT': <TokenType.SELECT: 'SELECT'>, 'SEMI': <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, 'SET': <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, 'SETTINGS': <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, 'SHOW': <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, 'SIMILAR TO': <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>, 'SOME': <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, 'SORT BY': <TokenType.SORT_BY: 'SORT_BY'>, 'START WITH': <TokenType.START_WITH: 'START_WITH'>, 'TABLE': <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, 'TABLESAMPLE': <TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: 'TABLE_SAMPLE'>, 'TEMP': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'TEMPORARY': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'THEN': <TokenType.THEN: 'THEN'>, 'TRUE': <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, 'TRUNCATE': <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, 'UNION': <TokenType.UNION: 'UNION'>, 'UNKNOWN': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, 'UNNEST': <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, 'UNPIVOT': <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, 'UPDATE': <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, 'USE': <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, 'USING': <TokenType.USING: 'USING'>, 'UUID': <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, 'VALUES': <TokenType.VALUES: 'VALUES'>, 'VIEW': <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, 'VOLATILE': <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, 'WHEN': <TokenType.WHEN: 'WHEN'>, 'WHERE': <TokenType.WHERE: 'WHERE'>, 'WINDOW': <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, 'WITH': <TokenType.WITH: 'WITH'>, 'APPLY': <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, 'ARRAY': <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, 'BIT': <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, 'BOOL': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BOOLEAN': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BYTE': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'MEDIUMINT': <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, 'INT1': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'TINYINT': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'INT16': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SHORT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SMALLINT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INT128': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'HUGEINT': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'INT2': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INTEGER': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT4': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT32': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT64': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'LONG': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'BIGINT': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'INT8': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'UINT': <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, 'DEC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'BIGDECIMAL': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'BIGNUMERIC': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'MAP': <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, 'NULLABLE': <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, 'NUMBER': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'NUMERIC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'FIXED': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'REAL': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT4': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT8': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE PRECISION': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'JSON': <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, 'CHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'CHARACTER': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'NCHAR': <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR2': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR2': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'BPCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'STR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'STRING': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'TEXT': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGTEXT': <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, 'MEDIUMTEXT': <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, 'TINYTEXT': <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, 'CLOB': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGVARCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'BINARY': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'BLOB': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'LONGBLOB': <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, 'MEDIUMBLOB': <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, 'TINYBLOB': <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, 'BYTEA': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'VARBINARY': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'TIME': <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, 'TIMETZ': <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, 'TIMESTAMPTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPLTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_LTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPNTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_NTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'DATE': <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, 'DATETIME': <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, 'INT4RANGE': <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, 'INT4MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, 'INT8RANGE': <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, 'INT8MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, 'NUMRANGE': <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, 'NUMMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSRANGE': <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, 'TSMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSTZRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, 'TSTZMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, 'DATERANGE': <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, 'DATEMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, 'UNIQUE': <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, 'STRUCT': <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, 'SEQUENCE': <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, 'VARIANT': <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, 'ALTER': <TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>, 'ANALYZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'CALL': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'COMMENT': <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, 'EXPLAIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'GRANT': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'OPTIMIZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'PREPARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'VACUUM': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'USER-DEFINED': <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, 'FOR VERSION': <TokenType.VERSION_SNAPSHOT: 'VERSION_SNAPSHOT'>, 'FOR TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT: 'TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT'>, '//': <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, 'ATTACH': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'BITSTRING': <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, 'CHARACTER VARYING': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'EXCLUDE': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'LOGICAL': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'ONLY': <TokenType.ONLY: 'ONLY'>, 'PIVOT_WIDER': <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, 'POSITIONAL': <TokenType.POSITIONAL: 'POSITIONAL'>, 'SIGNED': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'UBIGINT': <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, 'UINTEGER': <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, 'USMALLINT': <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, 'UTINYINT': <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, 'TIMESTAMP_S': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, 'TIMESTAMP_MS': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, 'TIMESTAMP_NS': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, 'TIMESTAMP_US': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>}
SINGLE_TOKENS = {'(': <TokenType.L_PAREN: 'L_PAREN'>, ')': <TokenType.R_PAREN: 'R_PAREN'>, '[': <TokenType.L_BRACKET: 'L_BRACKET'>, ']': <TokenType.R_BRACKET: 'R_BRACKET'>, '{': <TokenType.L_BRACE: 'L_BRACE'>, '}': <TokenType.R_BRACE: 'R_BRACE'>, '&': <TokenType.AMP: 'AMP'>, '^': <TokenType.CARET: 'CARET'>, ':': <TokenType.COLON: 'COLON'>, ',': <TokenType.COMMA: 'COMMA'>, '.': <TokenType.DOT: 'DOT'>, '-': <TokenType.DASH: 'DASH'>, '=': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '>': <TokenType.GT: 'GT'>, '<': <TokenType.LT: 'LT'>, '%': <TokenType.MOD: 'MOD'>, '!': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, '|': <TokenType.PIPE: 'PIPE'>, '+': <TokenType.PLUS: 'PLUS'>, ';': <TokenType.SEMICOLON: 'SEMICOLON'>, '/': <TokenType.SLASH: 'SLASH'>, '\\': <TokenType.BACKSLASH: 'BACKSLASH'>, '*': <TokenType.STAR: 'STAR'>, '~': <TokenType.TILDA: 'TILDA'>, '?': <TokenType.PLACEHOLDER: 'PLACEHOLDER'>, '@': <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>, '#': <TokenType.HASH: 'HASH'>, "'": <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '`': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '"': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '$': <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer
  Tokenizer
  BIT_STRINGS
  BYTE_STRINGS
  HEX_STRINGS
  RAW_STRINGS
  UNICODE_STRINGS
  IDENTIFIERS
  IDENTIFIER_ESCAPES
  QUOTES
  STRING_ESCAPES
  VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS
  WHITE_SPACE
  COMMANDS
  COMMAND_PREFIX_TOKENS
  NUMERIC_LITERALS
  COMMENTS
  dialect
  reset
  tokenize
  tokenize_rs
  size
  sql
  tokens

class DuckDB.Parser(sqlglot.parser.Parser): View Source

    227    class Parser(parser.Parser):
    228        BITWISE = {
    229            **parser.Parser.BITWISE,
    230            TokenType.TILDA: exp.RegexpLike,
    231        }
    232
    233        FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS = {*parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS, "STRUCT_PACK"}
    234
    235        FUNCTIONS = {
    236            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
    237            "ARRAY_HAS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
    238            "ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
    239            "ARRAY_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
    240            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_diff,
    241            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_diff,
    242            "DATE_TRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
    243            "DATETRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
    244            "DECODE": lambda args: exp.Decode(
    245                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
    246            ),
    247            "ENCODE": lambda args: exp.Encode(
    248                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
    249            ),
    250            "EPOCH": exp.TimeToUnix.from_arg_list,
    251            "EPOCH_MS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
    252                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS
    253            ),
    254            "JSON": exp.ParseJSON.from_arg_list,
    255            "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtract),
    256            "JSON_EXTRACT_STRING": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
    257            "LIST_HAS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
    258            "LIST_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
    259            "LIST_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
    260            "LIST_VALUE": exp.Array.from_arg_list,
    261            "MAKE_TIME": exp.TimeFromParts.from_arg_list,
    262            "MAKE_TIMESTAMP": _build_make_timestamp,
    263            "MEDIAN": lambda args: exp.PercentileCont(
    264                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(0.5)
    265            ),
    266            "QUANTILE_CONT": exp.PercentileCont.from_arg_list,
    267            "QUANTILE_DISC": exp.PercentileDisc.from_arg_list,
    268            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": lambda args: exp.RegexpExtract(
    269                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1), group=seq_get(args, 2)
    270            ),
    271            "REGEXP_MATCHES": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
    272            "REGEXP_REPLACE": lambda args: exp.RegexpReplace(
    273                this=seq_get(args, 0),
    274                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
    275                replacement=seq_get(args, 2),
    276                modifiers=seq_get(args, 3),
    277            ),
    278            "STRFTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "duckdb"),
    279            "STRING_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
    280            "STRING_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
    281            "STRING_TO_ARRAY": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
    282            "STRPTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.StrToTime, "duckdb"),
    283            "STRUCT_PACK": exp.Struct.from_arg_list,
    284            "STR_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
    285            "STR_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
    286            "TO_TIMESTAMP": exp.UnixToTime.from_arg_list,
    287            "UNNEST": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
    288            "XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
    289            "GENERATE_SERIES": _build_generate_series(),
    290            "RANGE": _build_generate_series(end_exclusive=True),
    291        }
    292
    293        FUNCTIONS.pop("DATE_SUB")
    294
    295        FUNCTION_PARSERS = parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS.copy()
    296        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("DECODE")
    297
    298        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    299            **parser.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
    300            "MAP": lambda self: self._parse_map(),
    301        }
    302
    303        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS - {
    304            TokenType.SEMI,
    305            TokenType.ANTI,
    306        }
    307
    308        PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS = {
    309            **parser.Parser.PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS,
    310            TokenType.PARAMETER: lambda self: (
    311                self.expression(exp.Placeholder, this=self._prev.text)
    312                if self._match(TokenType.NUMBER) or self._match_set(self.ID_VAR_TOKENS)
    313                else None
    314            ),
    315        }
    316
    317        TYPE_CONVERTER = {
    318            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/numeric
    319            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: build_default_decimal_type(precision=18, scale=3),
    320        }
    321
    322        def _parse_table_sample(self, as_modifier: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.TableSample]:
    323            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/samples.html
    324            sample = super()._parse_table_sample(as_modifier=as_modifier)
    325            if sample and not sample.args.get("method"):
    326                if sample.args.get("size"):
    327                    sample.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
    328                else:
    329                    sample.set("method", exp.var("SYSTEM"))
    330
    331            return sample
    332
    333        def _parse_bracket(
    334            self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None
    335        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    336            bracket = super()._parse_bracket(this)
    337            if isinstance(bracket, exp.Bracket):
    338                bracket.set("returns_list_for_maps", True)
    339
    340            return bracket
    341
    342        def _parse_map(self) -> exp.ToMap | exp.Map:
    343            if self._match(TokenType.L_BRACE, advance=False):
    344                return self.expression(exp.ToMap, this=self._parse_bracket())
    345
    346            args = self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_conjunction)
    347            return self.expression(exp.Map, keys=seq_get(args, 0), values=seq_get(args, 1))
    348
    349        def _parse_struct_types(self, type_required: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    350            return self._parse_field_def()
    351
    352        def _pivot_column_names(self, aggregations: t.List[exp.Expression]) -> t.List[str]:
    353            if len(aggregations) == 1:
    354                return super()._pivot_column_names(aggregations)
    355            return pivot_column_names(aggregations, dialect="duckdb")

Parser consumes a list of tokens produced by the Tokenizer and produces a parsed syntax tree.

###### Arguments:

- error_level: The desired error level. Default: ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE
- error_message_context: The amount of context to capture from a query string when displaying the error message (in number of characters). Default: 100
- max_errors: Maximum number of error messages to include in a raised ParseError. This is only relevant if error_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3

BITWISE = {<TokenType.AMP: 'AMP'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseAnd'>, <TokenType.CARET: 'CARET'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXor'>, <TokenType.PIPE: 'PIPE'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseOr'>, <TokenType.TILDA: 'TILDA'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>}
FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS = {'STRUCT_PACK', 'STRUCT'}
FUNCTIONS = {'ABS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Abs'>>, 'ADD_MONTHS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AddMonths'>>, 'ANONYMOUS_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnonymousAggFunc'>>, 'ANY_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>>, 'APPROX_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>>, 'APPROX_TOP_K': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxTopK'>>, 'ARG_MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARGMAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'MAX_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARG_MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARGMIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'MIN_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>>, 'ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAll'>>, 'ARRAY_ANY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAny'>>, 'ARRAY_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CONSTRUCT_COMPACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConstructCompact'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_OVERLAPS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>>, 'ARRAY_SIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_SORT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'ARRAY_SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>>, 'ARRAY_TO_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_JOIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_UNION_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUnionAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_UNIQUE_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUniqueAgg'>>, 'AVG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Avg'>>, 'CASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Case'>>, 'CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>>, 'CAST_TO_STR_TYPE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CastToStrType'>>, 'CBRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cbrt'>>, 'CEIL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CEILING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CHR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Chr'>>, 'CHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Chr'>>, 'COALESCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'IFNULL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'NVL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'COLLATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Collate'>>, 'COMBINED_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedAggFunc'>>, 'COMBINED_PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedParameterizedAgg'>>, 'CONCAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONCAT_WS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONNECT_BY_ROOT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>>, 'CONVERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Convert'>>, 'CORR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Corr'>>, 'COUNT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Count'>>, 'COUNT_IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COUNTIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COVAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarPop'>>, 'COVAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarSamp'>>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>>, 'CURRENT_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDatetime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'CURRENT_USER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>, 'DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Date'>>, 'DATE_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>>, 'DATEDIFF': <function _build_date_diff>, 'DATE_DIFF': <function _build_date_diff>, 'DATE_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATE_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>>, 'DATE_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATE_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>>, 'DATE_TRUNC': <function date_trunc_to_time>, 'DATETIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd'>>, 'DATETIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeDiff'>>, 'DATETIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub'>>, 'DATETIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeTrunc'>>, 'DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Day'>>, 'DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAYOFMONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAY_OF_WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAYOFWEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAY_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DAYOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DECODE': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'DI_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>>, 'ENCODE': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exp'>>, 'EXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'EXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodeOuter'>>, 'EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Extract'>>, 'FIRST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.First'>>, 'FIRST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FirstValue'>>, 'FLATTEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Flatten'>>, 'FLOOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Floor'>>, 'FROM_BASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase'>>, 'FROM_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase64'>>, 'GENERATE_DATE_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateDateArray'>>, 'GENERATE_SERIES': <function _build_generate_series.<locals>._builder>, 'GREATEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Greatest'>>, 'GROUP_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>>, 'HEX': <function build_hex>, 'HLL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hll'>>, 'IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'IIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'INITCAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Initcap'>>, 'IS_INF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'ISINF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'IS_NAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'ISNAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArray'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayAgg'>>, 'JSON_ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayContains'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_FORMAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObject'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObjectAgg'>>, 'J_S_O_N_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONTable'>>, 'LAG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lag'>>, 'LAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Last'>>, 'LAST_DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastValue'>>, 'LEAD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lead'>>, 'LEAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Least'>>, 'LEFT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Left'>>, 'LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEVENSHTEIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>>, 'LN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ln'>>, 'LOG': <function build_logarithm>, 'LOGICAL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOLAND_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'LOGICAL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOLOR_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'LOWER': <function build_lower>, 'LCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>>, 'LOWER_HEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LowerHex'>>, 'MD5': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5'>>, 'MD5_DIGEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>>, 'MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Map'>>, 'MAP_FROM_ENTRIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries'>>, 'MATCH_AGAINST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MatchAgainst'>>, 'MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>>, 'MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>>, 'MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Month'>>, 'MONTHS_BETWEEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MonthsBetween'>>, 'NEXT_VALUE_FOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NextValueFor'>>, 'NTH_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NthValue'>>, 'NULLIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nullif'>>, 'NUMBER_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NumberToStr'>>, 'NVL2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nvl2'>>, 'OPEN_J_S_O_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OpenJSON'>>, 'PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParameterizedAgg'>>, 'PARSE_JSON': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'JSON_PARSE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'PERCENTILE_CONT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>>, 'PERCENTILE_DISC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>>, 'POSEXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Posexplode'>>, 'POSEXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PosexplodeOuter'>>, 'POWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'POW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'PREDICT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Predict'>>, 'QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>>, 'QUARTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quarter'>>, 'RAND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDOM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Randn'>>, 'RANGE_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RangeN'>>, 'READ_CSV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReadCSV'>>, 'REDUCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Reduce'>>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'REGEXP_I_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>>, 'REGEXP_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'REGEXP_REPLACE': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'REGEXP_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'REPEAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Repeat'>>, 'RIGHT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Right'>>, 'ROUND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Round'>>, 'ROW_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowNumber'>>, 'SHA': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA1': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>>, 'SAFE_DIVIDE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>>, 'SIGN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SIGNUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SORT_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'SQRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sqrt'>>, 'STANDARD_HASH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StandardHash'>>, 'STAR_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StarMap'>>, 'STARTS_WITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STARTSWITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STDDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDDEV_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevPop'>>, 'STDDEV_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevSamp'>>, 'STR_POSITION': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>>, 'STR_TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>>, 'STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>>, 'STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>>, 'STRUCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'STRUCT_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>>, 'STUFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'SUBSTRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sum'>>, 'TIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>>, 'TIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>>, 'TIME_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIMEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>>, 'TIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeSub'>>, 'TIME_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>>, 'TIME_TO_TIME_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TIME_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'TIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeTrunc'>>, 'TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>>, 'TIMESTAMPDIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>>, 'TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToArray'>>, 'TO_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToBase64'>>, 'TO_CHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>>, 'TO_DAYS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDays'>>, 'TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>>, 'TO_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToNumber'>>, 'TRANSFORM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Transform'>>, 'TRIM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>>, 'TRY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Try'>>, 'TRY_CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>>, 'TS_OR_DI_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTime'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTimestamp'>>, 'UNHEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>>, 'UNIX_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixDate'>>, 'UNIX_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>>, 'UPPER': <function build_upper>, 'UCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'VAR_MAP': <function build_var_map>, 'VARIANCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'VAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Week'>>, 'WEEK_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WEEKOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WHEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.When'>>, 'X_M_L_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLTable'>>, 'XOR': <function binary_from_function.<locals>.<lambda>>, 'YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Year'>>, 'GLOB': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'LIKE': <function build_like>, 'LOG2': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOG10': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MOD': <function build_mod>, 'TO_HEX': <function build_hex>, 'ARRAY_HAS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT': <function _build_sort_array_desc>, 'DATETRUNC': <function date_trunc_to_time>, 'EPOCH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'EPOCH_MS': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_STRING': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'LIST_HAS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'LIST_REVERSE_SORT': <function _build_sort_array_desc>, 'LIST_SORT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'LIST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>>, 'MAKE_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'MAKE_TIMESTAMP': <function _build_make_timestamp>, 'MEDIAN': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'QUANTILE_CONT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>>, 'QUANTILE_DISC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>>, 'REGEXP_MATCHES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'STRFTIME': <function build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'STRING_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'STRING_SPLIT_REGEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'STRING_TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'STRPTIME': <function build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'STRUCT_PACK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'STR_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'STR_SPLIT_REGEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'TO_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>>, 'UNNEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'RANGE': <function _build_generate_series.<locals>._builder>}
FUNCTION_PARSERS = {'CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXTRACT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_OBJECT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_OBJECTAGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_TABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MATCH': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OPENJSON': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'POSITION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PREDICT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SAFE_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRING_AGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SUBSTRING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>}
NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {'ANY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CASE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'IF': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NEXT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MAP': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>}
TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = {<TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>}
PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS = {<TokenType.PLACEHOLDER: 'PLACEHOLDER'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>: <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COLON: 'COLON'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>}
TYPE_CONVERTER = {<Type.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>: <function build_default_decimal_type.<locals>._builder>}
SHOW_TRIE: Dict = {}
SET_TRIE: Dict = {'GLOBAL': {0: True}, 'LOCAL': {0: True}, 'SESSION': {0: True}, 'TRANSACTION': {0: True}}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.parser.Parser
  Parser
  NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS
  STRUCT_TYPE_TOKENS
  NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS
  ENUM_TYPE_TOKENS
  AGGREGATE_TYPE_TOKENS
  TYPE_TOKENS
  SIGNED_TO_UNSIGNED_TYPE_TOKEN
  SUBQUERY_PREDICATES
  RESERVED_TOKENS
  DB_CREATABLES
  CREATABLES
  ID_VAR_TOKENS
  INTERVAL_VARS
  ALIAS_TOKENS
  COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS
  UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS
  TRIM_TYPES
  FUNC_TOKENS
  CONJUNCTION
  EQUALITY
  COMPARISON
  TERM
  FACTOR
  EXPONENT
  TIMES
  TIMESTAMPS
  SET_OPERATIONS
  JOIN_METHODS
  JOIN_SIDES
  JOIN_KINDS
  JOIN_HINTS
  LAMBDAS
  COLUMN_OPERATORS
  EXPRESSION_PARSERS
  STATEMENT_PARSERS
  UNARY_PARSERS
  STRING_PARSERS
  NUMERIC_PARSERS
  PRIMARY_PARSERS
  RANGE_PARSERS
  PROPERTY_PARSERS
  CONSTRAINT_PARSERS
  ALTER_PARSERS
  ALTER_ALTER_PARSERS
  SCHEMA_UNNAMED_CONSTRAINTS
  INVALID_FUNC_NAME_TOKENS
  KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS
  QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS
  SET_PARSERS
  SHOW_PARSERS
  TYPE_LITERAL_PARSERS
  DDL_SELECT_TOKENS
  PRE_VOLATILE_TOKENS
  TRANSACTION_KIND
  TRANSACTION_CHARACTERISTICS
  CONFLICT_ACTIONS
  CREATE_SEQUENCE
  ISOLATED_LOADING_OPTIONS
  USABLES
  CAST_ACTIONS
  INSERT_ALTERNATIVES
  CLONE_KEYWORDS
  HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND
  OPCLASS_FOLLOW_KEYWORDS
  OPTYPE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
  TABLE_INDEX_HINT_TOKENS
  VIEW_ATTRIBUTES
  WINDOW_ALIAS_TOKENS
  WINDOW_BEFORE_PAREN_TOKENS
  WINDOW_SIDES
  JSON_KEY_VALUE_SEPARATOR_TOKENS
  FETCH_TOKENS
  ADD_CONSTRAINT_TOKENS
  DISTINCT_TOKENS
  NULL_TOKENS
  UNNEST_OFFSET_ALIAS_TOKENS
  SELECT_START_TOKENS
  STRICT_CAST
  PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS
  IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS
  LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN
  ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN
  TABLESAMPLE_CSV
  DEFAULT_SAMPLING_METHOD
  SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER
  TRIM_PATTERN_FIRST
  STRING_ALIASES
  MODIFIERS_ATTACHED_TO_UNION
  UNION_MODIFIERS
  NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS
  JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE
  VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN
  SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST
  INTERVAL_SPANS
  SUPPORTS_PARTITION_SELECTION
  error_level
  error_message_context
  max_errors
  dialect
  reset
  parse
  parse_into
  check_errors
  raise_error
  expression
  validate_expression
  errors
  sql

class DuckDB.Generator(sqlglot.generator.Generator): View Source

    357    class Generator(generator.Generator):
    358        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
    359        NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = "$"
    360        JOIN_HINTS = False
    361        TABLE_HINTS = False
    362        QUERY_HINTS = False
    363        LIMIT_FETCH = "LIMIT"
    364        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
    365        RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
    366        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
    367        SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE = False
    368        TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS = "USING SAMPLE"
    369        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
    370        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
    371        JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ","
    372        IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC = True
    373        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
    374        SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE = False
    375        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
    376        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
    377        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
    378        COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = False
    379        STAR_EXCEPT = "EXCLUDE"
    380
    381        TRANSFORMS = {
    382            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
    383            exp.ApproxDistinct: approx_count_distinct_sql,
    384            exp.Array: inline_array_unless_query,
    385            exp.ArrayFilter: rename_func("LIST_FILTER"),
    386            exp.ArraySize: rename_func("ARRAY_LENGTH"),
    387            exp.ArgMax: arg_max_or_min_no_count("ARG_MAX"),
    388            exp.ArgMin: arg_max_or_min_no_count("ARG_MIN"),
    389            exp.ArraySort: _array_sort_sql,
    390            exp.ArraySum: rename_func("LIST_SUM"),
    391            exp.BitwiseXor: rename_func("XOR"),
    392            exp.CommentColumnConstraint: no_comment_column_constraint_sql,
    393            exp.CurrentDate: lambda *_: "CURRENT_DATE",
    394            exp.CurrentTime: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIME",
    395            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
    396            exp.DayOfMonth: rename_func("DAYOFMONTH"),
    397            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
    398            exp.DayOfYear: rename_func("DAYOFYEAR"),
    399            exp.DataType: _datatype_sql,
    400            exp.Date: _date_sql,
    401            exp.DateAdd: _date_delta_sql,
    402            exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("MAKE_DATE"),
    403            exp.DateSub: _date_delta_sql,
    404            exp.DateDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
    405                "DATE_DIFF", f"'{e.args.get('unit') or 'DAY'}'", e.expression, e.this
    406            ),
    407            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
    408            exp.DateToDi: lambda self,
    409            e: f"CAST(STRFTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS INT)",
    410            exp.Decode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "DECODE", replace=False),
    411            exp.DiToDate: lambda self,
    412            e: f"CAST(STRPTIME(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS DATE)",
    413            exp.Encode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "ENCODE", replace=False),
    414            exp.Explode: rename_func("UNNEST"),
    415            exp.IntDiv: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "//"),
    416            exp.IsInf: rename_func("ISINF"),
    417            exp.IsNan: rename_func("ISNAN"),
    418            exp.JSONExtract: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
    419            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
    420            exp.JSONFormat: _json_format_sql,
    421            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
    422            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
    423            exp.MD5Digest: lambda self, e: self.func("UNHEX", self.func("MD5", e.this)),
    424            exp.MonthsBetween: lambda self, e: self.func(
    425                "DATEDIFF",
    426                "'month'",
    427                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
    428                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
    429            ),
    430            exp.ParseJSON: rename_func("JSON"),
    431            exp.PercentileCont: rename_func("QUANTILE_CONT"),
    432            exp.PercentileDisc: rename_func("QUANTILE_DISC"),
    433            # DuckDB doesn't allow qualified columns inside of PIVOT expressions.
    434            # See: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/671faf92411182f81dce42ac43de8bfb05d9909e/src/planner/binder/tableref/bind_pivot.cpp#L61-L62
    435            exp.Pivot: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unqualify_columns]),
    436            exp.RegexpExtract: regexp_extract_sql,
    437            exp.RegexpReplace: lambda self, e: self.func(
    438                "REGEXP_REPLACE",
    439                e.this,
    440                e.expression,
    441                e.args.get("replacement"),
    442                e.args.get("modifiers"),
    443            ),
    444            exp.RegexpLike: rename_func("REGEXP_MATCHES"),
    445            exp.RegexpSplit: rename_func("STR_SPLIT_REGEX"),
    446            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
    447            exp.SafeDivide: no_safe_divide_sql,
    448            exp.Split: rename_func("STR_SPLIT"),
    449            exp.SortArray: _sort_array_sql,
    450            exp.StrPosition: str_position_sql,
    451            exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: f"CAST({str_to_time_sql(self, e)} AS DATE)",
    452            exp.StrToTime: str_to_time_sql,
    453            exp.StrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
    454                "EPOCH", self.func("STRPTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e))
    455            ),
    456            exp.Struct: _struct_sql,
    457            exp.TimeAdd: _date_delta_sql,
    458            exp.Timestamp: no_timestamp_sql,
    459            exp.TimestampDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
    460                "DATE_DIFF", exp.Literal.string(e.unit), e.expression, e.this
    461            ),
    462            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql(),
    463            exp.TimeStrToDate: lambda self, e: self.sql(exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE)),
    464            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
    465            exp.TimeStrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
    466                "EPOCH", exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
    467            ),
    468            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("STRFTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
    469            exp.TimeToUnix: rename_func("EPOCH"),
    470            exp.TsOrDiToDi: lambda self,
    471            e: f"CAST(SUBSTR(REPLACE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), '-', ''), 1, 8) AS INT)",
    472            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _ts_or_ds_add_sql,
    473            exp.TsOrDsDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
    474                "DATE_DIFF",
    475                f"'{e.args.get('unit') or 'DAY'}'",
    476                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
    477                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
    478            ),
    479            exp.UnixToStr: lambda self, e: self.func(
    480                "STRFTIME", self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this), self.format_time(e)
    481            ),
    482            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
    483            exp.UnixToTimeStr: lambda self, e: f"CAST(TO_TIMESTAMP({self.sql(e, 'this')}) AS TEXT)",
    484            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
    485            exp.WeekOfYear: rename_func("WEEKOFYEAR"),
    486            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
    487        }
    488
    489        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
    490            exp.JSONPathKey,
    491            exp.JSONPathRoot,
    492            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
    493            exp.JSONPathWildcard,
    494        }
    495
    496        TYPE_MAPPING = {
    497            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
    498            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BLOB",
    499            exp.DataType.Type.CHAR: "TEXT",
    500            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
    501            exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "TEXT",
    502            exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "TEXT",
    503            exp.DataType.Type.UINT: "UINTEGER",
    504            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BLOB",
    505            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "BLOB",
    506            exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR: "TEXT",
    507            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_S: "TIMESTAMP_S",
    508            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_MS: "TIMESTAMP_MS",
    509            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_NS: "TIMESTAMP_NS",
    510        }
    511
    512        UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES = (exp.Literal, exp.Paren)
    513
    514        # DuckDB doesn't generally support CREATE TABLE .. properties
    515        # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/statements/create_table.html
    516        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
    517            prop: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED
    518            for prop in generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION
    519        }
    520
    521        # There are a few exceptions (e.g. temporary tables) which are supported or
    522        # can be transpiled to DuckDB, so we explicitly override them accordingly
    523        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.LikeProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA
    524        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.TemporaryProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE
    525
    526        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
    527            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    528            if nano is not None:
    529                expression.set(
    530                    "sec", expression.args["sec"] + nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
    531                )
    532
    533            return rename_func("MAKE_TIME")(self, expression)
    534
    535        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
    536            sec = expression.args["sec"]
    537
    538            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
    539            if milli is not None:
    540                sec += milli.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000.0)
    541
    542            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    543            if nano is not None:
    544                sec += nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
    545
    546            if milli or nano:
    547                expression.set("sec", sec)
    548
    549            return rename_func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP")(self, expression)
    550
    551        def tablesample_sql(
    552            self,
    553            expression: exp.TableSample,
    554            sep: str = " AS ",
    555            tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None,
    556        ) -> str:
    557            if not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Select):
    558                # This sample clause only applies to a single source, not the entire resulting relation
    559                tablesample_keyword = "TABLESAMPLE"
    560
    561            if expression.args.get("size"):
    562                method = expression.args.get("method")
    563                if method and method.name.upper() != "RESERVOIR":
    564                    self.unsupported(
    565                        f"Sampling method {method} is not supported with a discrete sample count, "
    566                        "defaulting to reservoir sampling"
    567                    )
    568                    expression.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
    569
    570            return super().tablesample_sql(
    571                expression, sep=sep, tablesample_keyword=tablesample_keyword
    572            )
    573
    574        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
    575            multiplier: t.Optional[int] = None
    576            unit = expression.text("unit").lower()
    577
    578            if unit.startswith("week"):
    579                multiplier = 7
    580            if unit.startswith("quarter"):
    581                multiplier = 90
    582
    583            if multiplier:
    584                return f"({multiplier} * {super().interval_sql(exp.Interval(this=expression.this, unit=exp.var('DAY')))})"
    585
    586            return super().interval_sql(expression)
    587
    588        def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str:
    589            if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction):
    590                return self.sql(expression, "this")
    591            return super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)
    592
    593        def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str:
    594            if (
    595                expression.side == "LEFT"
    596                and not expression.args.get("on")
    597                and isinstance(expression.this, exp.Unnest)
    598            ):
    599                # Some dialects support `LEFT JOIN UNNEST(...)` without an explicit ON clause
    600                # DuckDB doesn't, but we can just add a dummy ON clause that is always true
    601                return super().join_sql(expression.on(exp.true()))
    602
    603            return super().join_sql(expression)
    604
    605        def generateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.GenerateSeries) -> str:
    606            # GENERATE_SERIES(a, b) -> [a, b], RANGE(a, b) -> [a, b)
    607            if expression.args.get("is_end_exclusive"):
    608                expression.set("is_end_exclusive", None)
    609                return rename_func("RANGE")(self, expression)
    610
    611            return super().generateseries_sql(expression)
    612
    613        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
    614            this = expression.this
    615            if isinstance(this, exp.Array):
    616                this.replace(exp.paren(this))
    617
    618            bracket = super().bracket_sql(expression)
    619
    620            if not expression.args.get("returns_list_for_maps"):
    621                if not this.type:
    622                    from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    623
    624                    this = annotate_types(this)
    625
    626                if this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.MAP):
    627                    bracket = f"({bracket})[1]"
    628
    629            return bracket
    630
    631        def withingroup_sql(self, expression: exp.WithinGroup) -> str:
    632            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    633
    634            func = expression.this
    635            if isinstance(func, exp.PERCENTILES):
    636                # Make the order key the first arg and slide the fraction to the right
    637                # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/aggregates#ordered-set-aggregate-functions
    638                order_col = expression.find(exp.Ordered)
    639                if order_col:
    640                    func.set("expression", func.this)
    641                    func.set("this", order_col.this)
    642
    643            this = self.sql(expression, "this").rstrip(")")
    644
    645            return f"{this}{expression_sql})"

Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string.

###### Arguments:

- pretty: Whether to format the produced SQL string. Default: False.
- identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. True or 'always': Always quote. 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive.
- normalize: Whether to normalize identifiers to lowercase. Default: False.
- pad: The pad size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of a projection in a query, relative to its nesting level. Default: 2.
- indent: The indentation size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of subqueries and filters under a `WHERE` clause. Default: 2.
- normalize_functions: How to normalize function names. Possible values are: "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.
- unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
- max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
- leading_comma: Whether the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. Default: False
- max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
- comments: Whether to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True

PARAMETER_TOKEN = '$'
NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = '$'
JOIN_HINTS = False
TABLE_HINTS = False
QUERY_HINTS = False
LIMIT_FETCH = 'LIMIT'
STRUCT_DELIMITER = ('(', ')')
RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE = False
TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS = 'USING SAMPLE'
TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = 'REPEATABLE'
LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ','
IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC = True
JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE = False
MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = False
STAR_EXCEPT = 'EXCLUDE'
TRANSFORMS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathWildcard'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AllowedValuesProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CommentColumnConstraint'>: <function no_comment_column_constraint_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFormatColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefaultColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EphemeralColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExcludeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InlineLengthColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntervalSpan'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract'>: <function _arrow_json_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar'>: <function _arrow_json_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NonClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnUpdateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PathColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TitleColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>: <function no_timestamp_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UppercaseColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithOperator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>: <function approx_count_distinct_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>: <function inline_array_unless_query>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>: <function arg_max_or_min_no_count.<locals>._arg_max_or_min_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>: <function arg_max_or_min_no_count.<locals>._arg_max_or_min_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySort'>: <function _array_sort_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXor'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataType'>: <function _datatype_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Date'>: <function _date_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>: <function _date_delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>: <function _date_delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>: <function datestrtodate_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Decode'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Encode'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntDiv'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>: <function _json_format_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MonthsBetween'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pivot'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract'>: <function regexp_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpReplace'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>: <function no_safe_divide_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>: <function _sort_array_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>: <function str_position_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>: <function str_to_time_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>: <function _struct_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>: <function _date_delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>: <function timestamptrunc_sql.<locals>._timestamptrunc_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>: <function timestrtotime_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>: <function _ts_or_ds_add_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>: <function _unix_to_time_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>: <function bool_xor_sql>}
SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathWildcard'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>}
TYPE_MAPPING = {<Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>: 'TEXT', <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>: 'TEXT', <Type.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.INET: 'INET'>: 'INET', <Type.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>: 'BLOB', <Type.BINARY: 'BINARY'>: 'BLOB', <Type.CHAR: 'CHAR'>: 'TEXT', <Type.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>: 'REAL', <Type.UINT: 'UINT'>: 'UINTEGER', <Type.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>: 'BLOB', <Type.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>: 'TIMESTAMP_S', <Type.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>: 'TIMESTAMP_MS', <Type.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'}
UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES = (<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Literal'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Paren'>)
PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.AllowedValuesProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AlgorithmProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoIncrementProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BlockCompressionProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ChecksumProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cluster'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredByProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataBlocksizeProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefinerProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictRange'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistKeyProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistStyleProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EngineProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FallbackProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FileFormatProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FreespaceProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsolatedLoadingProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JournalProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LikeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockingProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeBlockRatioProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Order'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedOfProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PrimaryKey'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Property'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatDelimitedProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatSerdeProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SchemaCommentProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SerdeProperties'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Set'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SequenceProperties'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortKeyProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeTreeTTL'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithDataProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSystemVersioningProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>}
def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts) -> str: View Source

    526        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
    527            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    528            if nano is not None:
    529                expression.set(
    530                    "sec", expression.args["sec"] + nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
    531                )
    532
    533            return rename_func("MAKE_TIME")(self, expression)

def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts) -> str: View Source

    535        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
    536            sec = expression.args["sec"]
    537
    538            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
    539            if milli is not None:
    540                sec += milli.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000.0)
    541
    542            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    543            if nano is not None:
    544                sec += nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
    545
    546            if milli or nano:
    547                expression.set("sec", sec)
    548
    549            return rename_func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP")(self, expression)

def tablesample_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TableSample, sep: str = ' AS ', tablesample_keyword: Optional[str] = None) -> str: View Source

    551        def tablesample_sql(
    552            self,
    553            expression: exp.TableSample,
    554            sep: str = " AS ",
    555            tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None,
    556        ) -> str:
    557            if not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Select):
    558                # This sample clause only applies to a single source, not the entire resulting relation
    559                tablesample_keyword = "TABLESAMPLE"
    560
    561            if expression.args.get("size"):
    562                method = expression.args.get("method")
    563                if method and method.name.upper() != "RESERVOIR":
    564                    self.unsupported(
    565                        f"Sampling method {method} is not supported with a discrete sample count, "
    566                        "defaulting to reservoir sampling"
    567                    )
    568                    expression.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
    569
    570            return super().tablesample_sql(
    571                expression, sep=sep, tablesample_keyword=tablesample_keyword
    572            )

def interval_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Interval) -> str: View Source

    574        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
    575            multiplier: t.Optional[int] = None
    576            unit = expression.text("unit").lower()
    577
    578            if unit.startswith("week"):
    579                multiplier = 7
    580            if unit.startswith("quarter"):
    581                multiplier = 90
    582
    583            if multiplier:
    584                return f"({multiplier} * {super().interval_sql(exp.Interval(this=expression.this, unit=exp.var('DAY')))})"
    585
    586            return super().interval_sql(expression)

def columndef_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ColumnDef, sep: str = ' ') -> str: View Source

    588        def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str:
    589            if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction):
    590                return self.sql(expression, "this")
    591            return super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)

def join_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Join) -> str: View Source

    593        def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str:
    594            if (
    595                expression.side == "LEFT"
    596                and not expression.args.get("on")
    597                and isinstance(expression.this, exp.Unnest)
    598            ):
    599                # Some dialects support `LEFT JOIN UNNEST(...)` without an explicit ON clause
    600                # DuckDB doesn't, but we can just add a dummy ON clause that is always true
    601                return super().join_sql(expression.on(exp.true()))
    602
    603            return super().join_sql(expression)

def generateseries_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries) -> str: View Source

    605        def generateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.GenerateSeries) -> str:
    606            # GENERATE_SERIES(a, b) -> [a, b], RANGE(a, b) -> [a, b)
    607            if expression.args.get("is_end_exclusive"):
    608                expression.set("is_end_exclusive", None)
    609                return rename_func("RANGE")(self, expression)
    610
    611            return super().generateseries_sql(expression)

def bracket_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Bracket) -> str: View Source

    613        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
    614            this = expression.this
    615            if isinstance(this, exp.Array):
    616                this.replace(exp.paren(this))
    617
    618            bracket = super().bracket_sql(expression)
    619
    620            if not expression.args.get("returns_list_for_maps"):
    621                if not this.type:
    622                    from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    623
    624                    this = annotate_types(this)
    625
    626                if this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.MAP):
    627                    bracket = f"({bracket})[1]"
    628
    629            return bracket

def withingroup_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.WithinGroup) -> str: View Source

    631        def withingroup_sql(self, expression: exp.WithinGroup) -> str:
    632            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    633
    634            func = expression.this
    635            if isinstance(func, exp.PERCENTILES):
    636                # Make the order key the first arg and slide the fraction to the right
    637                # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/aggregates#ordered-set-aggregate-functions
    638                order_col = expression.find(exp.Ordered)
    639                if order_col:
    640                    func.set("expression", func.this)
    641                    func.set("this", order_col.this)
    642
    643            this = self.sql(expression, "this").rstrip(")")
    644
    645            return f"{this}{expression_sql})"

SELECT_KINDS: Tuple[str, ...] = ()
TRY_SUPPORTED = False
AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = {'qualify': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'windows': <function Generator.<lambda>>}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.generator.Generator
  Generator
  NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED
  LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED
  EXPLICIT_UNION
  WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES
  CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS
  MATCHED_BY_SOURCE
  SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL
  INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM
  LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS
  GROUPINGS_SEP
  INDEX_ON
  QUERY_HINT_SEP
  IS_BOOL_ALLOWED
  DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET
  LIMIT_IS_TOP
  RETURNING_END
  COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS_SUPPORTED
  EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES
  TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE
  VALUES_AS_TABLE
  ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD
  UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY
  AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED
  COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE
  SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY
  TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS
  TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS
  TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD
  COLLATE_IS_FUNC
  DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED
  ENSURE_BOOLS
  CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED
  SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT
  SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS
  UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS
  INSERT_OVERWRITE
  SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO
  SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES
  LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA
  JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION
  JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE
  OUTER_UNION_MODIFIERS
  COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED
  COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED
  HEX_FUNC
  TIME_PART_SINGULARS
  TOKEN_MAPPING
  RESERVED_KEYWORDS
  WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS
  EXCLUDE_COMMENTS
  PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES
  EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES
  SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK
  pretty
  identify
  normalize
  pad
  unsupported_level
  max_unsupported
  leading_comma
  max_text_width
  comments
  dialect
  normalize_functions
  unsupported_messages
  generate
  preprocess
  unsupported
  sep
  seg
  pad_comment
  maybe_comment
  wrap
  no_identify
  normalize_func
  indent
  sql
  uncache_sql
  cache_sql
  characterset_sql
  column_parts
  column_sql
  columnposition_sql
  columnconstraint_sql
  computedcolumnconstraint_sql
  autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql
  compresscolumnconstraint_sql
  generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql
  generatedasrowcolumnconstraint_sql
  periodforsystemtimeconstraint_sql
  notnullcolumnconstraint_sql
  transformcolumnconstraint_sql
  primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql
  uniquecolumnconstraint_sql
  createable_sql
  create_sql
  sequenceproperties_sql
  clone_sql
  describe_sql
  heredoc_sql
  prepend_ctes
  with_sql
  cte_sql
  tablealias_sql
  bitstring_sql
  hexstring_sql
  bytestring_sql
  unicodestring_sql
  rawstring_sql
  datatypeparam_sql
  datatype_sql
  directory_sql
  delete_sql
  drop_sql
  except_sql
  except_op
  fetch_sql
  filter_sql
  hint_sql
  indexparameters_sql
  index_sql
  identifier_sql
  hex_sql
  lowerhex_sql
  inputoutputformat_sql
  national_sql
  partition_sql
  properties_sql
  root_properties
  properties
  with_properties
  locate_properties
  property_name
  property_sql
  likeproperty_sql
  fallbackproperty_sql
  journalproperty_sql
  freespaceproperty_sql
  checksumproperty_sql
  mergeblockratioproperty_sql
  datablocksizeproperty_sql
  blockcompressionproperty_sql
  isolatedloadingproperty_sql
  partitionboundspec_sql
  partitionedofproperty_sql
  lockingproperty_sql
  withdataproperty_sql
  withsystemversioningproperty_sql
  insert_sql
  intersect_sql
  intersect_op
  introducer_sql
  kill_sql
  pseudotype_sql
  objectidentifier_sql
  onconflict_sql
  returning_sql
  rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql
  withtablehint_sql
  indextablehint_sql
  historicaldata_sql
  table_parts
  table_sql
  pivot_sql
  version_sql
  tuple_sql
  update_sql
  values_sql
  var_sql
  into_sql
  from_sql
  group_sql
  having_sql
  connect_sql
  prior_sql
  lambda_sql
  lateral_op
  lateral_sql
  limit_sql
  offset_sql
  setitem_sql
  set_sql
  pragma_sql
  lock_sql
  literal_sql
  escape_str
  loaddata_sql
  null_sql
  boolean_sql
  order_sql
  withfill_sql
  cluster_sql
  distribute_sql
  sort_sql
  ordered_sql
  matchrecognizemeasure_sql
  matchrecognize_sql
  query_modifiers
  queryoption_sql
  offset_limit_modifiers
  after_limit_modifiers
  select_sql
  schema_sql
  schema_columns_sql
  star_sql
  parameter_sql
  sessionparameter_sql
  placeholder_sql
  subquery_sql
  qualify_sql
  set_operations
  union_sql
  union_op
  unnest_sql
  prewhere_sql
  where_sql
  window_sql
  partition_by_sql
  windowspec_sql
  between_sql
  bracket_offset_expressions
  all_sql
  any_sql
  exists_sql
  case_sql
  constraint_sql
  nextvaluefor_sql
  extract_sql
  trim_sql
  convert_concat_args
  concat_sql
  concatws_sql
  check_sql
  foreignkey_sql
  primarykey_sql
  if_sql
  matchagainst_sql
  jsonkeyvalue_sql
  jsonpath_sql
  json_path_part
  formatjson_sql
  jsonobject_sql
  jsonobjectagg_sql
  jsonarray_sql
  jsonarrayagg_sql
  jsoncolumndef_sql
  jsonschema_sql
  jsontable_sql
  openjsoncolumndef_sql
  openjson_sql
  in_sql
  in_unnest_op
  return_sql
  reference_sql
  anonymous_sql
  paren_sql
  neg_sql
  not_sql
  alias_sql
  pivotalias_sql
  aliases_sql
  atindex_sql
  attimezone_sql
  fromtimezone_sql
  add_sql
  and_sql
  or_sql
  xor_sql
  connector_sql
  bitwiseand_sql
  bitwiseleftshift_sql
  bitwisenot_sql
  bitwiseor_sql
  bitwiserightshift_sql
  bitwisexor_sql
  cast_sql
  currentdate_sql
  currenttimestamp_sql
  collate_sql
  command_sql
  comment_sql
  mergetreettlaction_sql
  mergetreettl_sql
  transaction_sql
  commit_sql
  rollback_sql
  altercolumn_sql
  alterdiststyle_sql
  altersortkey_sql
  renametable_sql
  renamecolumn_sql
  altertable_sql
  add_column_sql
  droppartition_sql
  addconstraint_sql
  distinct_sql
  ignorenulls_sql
  respectnulls_sql
  havingmax_sql
  intdiv_sql
  dpipe_sql
  div_sql
  overlaps_sql
  distance_sql
  dot_sql
  eq_sql
  propertyeq_sql
  escape_sql
  glob_sql
  gt_sql
  gte_sql
  ilike_sql
  ilikeany_sql
  is_sql
  like_sql
  likeany_sql
  similarto_sql
  lt_sql
  lte_sql
  mod_sql
  mul_sql
  neq_sql
  nullsafeeq_sql
  nullsafeneq_sql
  slice_sql
  sub_sql
  trycast_sql
  try_sql
  log_sql
  use_sql
  binary
  function_fallback_sql
  func
  format_args
  too_wide
  format_time
  expressions
  op_expressions
  naked_property
  tag_sql
  token_sql
  userdefinedfunction_sql
  joinhint_sql
  kwarg_sql
  when_sql
  merge_sql
  tochar_sql
  tonumber_sql
  dictproperty_sql
  dictrange_sql
  dictsubproperty_sql
  oncluster_sql
  clusteredbyproperty_sql
  anyvalue_sql
  querytransform_sql
  indexconstraintoption_sql
  checkcolumnconstraint_sql
  indexcolumnconstraint_sql
  nvl2_sql
  comprehension_sql
  columnprefix_sql
  opclass_sql
  predict_sql
  forin_sql
  refresh_sql
  operator_sql
  toarray_sql
  tsordstotime_sql
  tsordstotimestamp_sql
  tsordstodate_sql
  unixdate_sql
  lastday_sql
  dateadd_sql
  arrayany_sql
  struct_sql
  partitionrange_sql
  truncatetable_sql
  convert_sql
  copyparameter_sql
  credentials_sql
  copy_sql
  semicolon_sql