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# sqlglot.dialects.bigquery

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      1from __future__ import annotations
      2
      3import logging
      4import re
      5import typing as t
      6
      7from sqlglot import exp, generator, parser, tokens, transforms
      8from sqlglot._typing import E
      9from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
     10    Dialect,
     11    NormalizationStrategy,
     12    arg_max_or_min_no_count,
     13    binary_from_function,
     14    date_add_interval_sql,
     15    datestrtodate_sql,
     16    format_time_lambda,
     17    if_sql,
     18    inline_array_sql,
     19    json_keyvalue_comma_sql,
     20    max_or_greatest,
     21    min_or_least,
     22    no_ilike_sql,
     23    parse_date_delta_with_interval,
     24    regexp_replace_sql,
     25    rename_func,
     26    timestrtotime_sql,
     27    ts_or_ds_add_cast,
     28    ts_or_ds_to_date_sql,
     29)
     30from sqlglot.helper import seq_get, split_num_words
     31from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
     32
     33logger = logging.getLogger("sqlglot")
     34
     35
     36def _derived_table_values_to_unnest(self: BigQuery.Generator, expression: exp.Values) -> str:
     37    if not expression.find_ancestor(exp.From, exp.Join):
     38        return self.values_sql(expression)
     39
     40    alias = expression.args.get("alias")
     41
     42    structs = [
     43        exp.Struct(
     44            expressions=[
     45                exp.alias_(value, column_name)
     46                for value, column_name in zip(
     47                    t.expressions,
     48                    alias.columns
     49                    if alias and alias.columns
     50                    else (f"_c{i}" for i in range(len(t.expressions))),
     51                )
     52            ]
     53        )
     54        for t in expression.find_all(exp.Tuple)
     55    ]
     56
     57    return self.unnest_sql(exp.Unnest(expressions=[exp.Array(expressions=structs)]))
     58
     59
     60def _returnsproperty_sql(self: BigQuery.Generator, expression: exp.ReturnsProperty) -> str:
     61    this = expression.this
     62    if isinstance(this, exp.Schema):
     63        this = f"{this.this} <{self.expressions(this)}>"
     64    else:
     65        this = self.sql(this)
     66    return f"RETURNS {this}"
     67
     68
     69def _create_sql(self: BigQuery.Generator, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
     70    kind = expression.args["kind"]
     71    returns = expression.find(exp.ReturnsProperty)
     72
     73    if kind.upper() == "FUNCTION" and returns and returns.args.get("is_table"):
     74        expression.set("kind", "TABLE FUNCTION")
     75
     76        if isinstance(expression.expression, (exp.Subquery, exp.Literal)):
     77            expression.set("expression", expression.expression.this)
     78
     79        return self.create_sql(expression)
     80
     81    return self.create_sql(expression)
     82
     83
     84def _unqualify_unnest(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
     85    """Remove references to unnest table aliases since bigquery doesn't allow them.
     86
     87    These are added by the optimizer's qualify_column step.
     88    """
     89    from sqlglot.optimizer.scope import find_all_in_scope
     90
     91    if isinstance(expression, exp.Select):
     92        unnest_aliases = {
     93            unnest.alias
     94            for unnest in find_all_in_scope(expression, exp.Unnest)
     95            if isinstance(unnest.parent, (exp.From, exp.Join))
     96        }
     97        if unnest_aliases:
     98            for column in expression.find_all(exp.Column):
     99                if column.table in unnest_aliases:
    100                    column.set("table", None)
    101                elif column.db in unnest_aliases:
    102                    column.set("db", None)
    103
    104    return expression
    105
    106
    107# https://issuetracker.google.com/issues/162294746
    108# workaround for bigquery bug when grouping by an expression and then ordering
    109# WITH x AS (SELECT 1 y)
    110# SELECT y + 1 z
    111# FROM x
    112# GROUP BY x + 1
    113# ORDER by z
    114def _alias_ordered_group(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
    115    if isinstance(expression, exp.Select):
    116        group = expression.args.get("group")
    117        order = expression.args.get("order")
    118
    119        if group and order:
    120            aliases = {
    121                select.this: select.args["alias"]
    122                for select in expression.selects
    123                if isinstance(select, exp.Alias)
    124            }
    125
    126            for e in group.expressions:
    127                alias = aliases.get(e)
    128
    129                if alias:
    130                    e.replace(exp.column(alias))
    131
    132    return expression
    133
    134
    135def _pushdown_cte_column_names(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
    136    """BigQuery doesn't allow column names when defining a CTE, so we try to push them down."""
    137    if isinstance(expression, exp.CTE) and expression.alias_column_names:
    138        cte_query = expression.this
    139
    140        if cte_query.is_star:
    141            logger.warning(
    142                "Can't push down CTE column names for star queries. Run the query through"
    143                " the optimizer or use 'qualify' to expand the star projections first."
    144            )
    145            return expression
    146
    147        column_names = expression.alias_column_names
    148        expression.args["alias"].set("columns", None)
    149
    150        for name, select in zip(column_names, cte_query.selects):
    151            to_replace = select
    152
    153            if isinstance(select, exp.Alias):
    154                select = select.this
    155
    156            # Inner aliases are shadowed by the CTE column names
    157            to_replace.replace(exp.alias_(select, name))
    158
    159    return expression
    160
    161
    162def _parse_timestamp(args: t.List) -> exp.StrToTime:
    163    this = format_time_lambda(exp.StrToTime, "bigquery")([seq_get(args, 1), seq_get(args, 0)])
    164    this.set("zone", seq_get(args, 2))
    165    return this
    166
    167
    168def _parse_date(args: t.List) -> exp.Date | exp.DateFromParts:
    169    expr_type = exp.DateFromParts if len(args) == 3 else exp.Date
    170    return expr_type.from_arg_list(args)
    171
    172
    173def _parse_to_hex(args: t.List) -> exp.Hex | exp.MD5:
    174    # TO_HEX(MD5(..)) is common in BigQuery, so it's parsed into MD5 to simplify its transpilation
    175    arg = seq_get(args, 0)
    176    return exp.MD5(this=arg.this) if isinstance(arg, exp.MD5Digest) else exp.Hex(this=arg)
    177
    178
    179def _array_contains_sql(self: BigQuery.Generator, expression: exp.ArrayContains) -> str:
    180    return self.sql(
    181        exp.Exists(
    182            this=exp.select("1")
    183            .from_(exp.Unnest(expressions=[expression.left]).as_("_unnest", table=["_col"]))
    184            .where(exp.column("_col").eq(expression.right))
    185        )
    186    )
    187
    188
    189def _ts_or_ds_add_sql(self: BigQuery.Generator, expression: exp.TsOrDsAdd) -> str:
    190    return date_add_interval_sql("DATE", "ADD")(self, ts_or_ds_add_cast(expression))
    191
    192
    193def _ts_or_ds_diff_sql(self: BigQuery.Generator, expression: exp.TsOrDsDiff) -> str:
    194    expression.this.replace(exp.cast(expression.this, "TIMESTAMP", copy=True))
    195    expression.expression.replace(exp.cast(expression.expression, "TIMESTAMP", copy=True))
    196    unit = expression.args.get("unit") or "DAY"
    197    return self.func("DATE_DIFF", expression.this, expression.expression, unit)
    198
    199
    200def _unix_to_time_sql(self: BigQuery.Generator, expression: exp.UnixToTime) -> str:
    201    scale = expression.args.get("scale")
    202    timestamp = self.sql(expression, "this")
    203    if scale in (None, exp.UnixToTime.SECONDS):
    204        return f"TIMESTAMP_SECONDS({timestamp})"
    205    if scale == exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS:
    206        return f"TIMESTAMP_MILLIS({timestamp})"
    207    if scale == exp.UnixToTime.MICROS:
    208        return f"TIMESTAMP_MICROS({timestamp})"
    209    if scale == exp.UnixToTime.NANOS:
    210        # We need to cast to INT64 because that's what BQ expects
    211        return f"TIMESTAMP_MICROS(CAST({timestamp} / 1000 AS INT64))"
    212
    213    self.unsupported(f"Unsupported scale for timestamp: {scale}.")
    214    return ""
    215
    216
    217class BigQuery(Dialect):
    218    UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY = True
    219    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
    220    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False
    221    LOG_BASE_FIRST = False
    222
    223    # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/lexical#case_sensitivity
    224    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
    225
    226    # bigquery udfs are case sensitive
    227    NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS = False
    228
    229    TIME_MAPPING = {
    230        "%D": "%m/%d/%y",
    231    }
    232
    233    ESCAPE_SEQUENCES = {
    234        "\\a": "\a",
    235        "\\b": "\b",
    236        "\\f": "\f",
    237        "\\n": "\n",
    238        "\\r": "\r",
    239        "\\t": "\t",
    240        "\\v": "\v",
    241    }
    242
    243    FORMAT_MAPPING = {
    244        "DD": "%d",
    245        "MM": "%m",
    246        "MON": "%b",
    247        "MONTH": "%B",
    248        "YYYY": "%Y",
    249        "YY": "%y",
    250        "HH": "%I",
    251        "HH12": "%I",
    252        "HH24": "%H",
    253        "MI": "%M",
    254        "SS": "%S",
    255        "SSSSS": "%f",
    256        "TZH": "%z",
    257    }
    258
    259    # The _PARTITIONTIME and _PARTITIONDATE pseudo-columns are not returned by a SELECT * statement
    260    # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/querying-partitioned-tables#query_an_ingestion-time_partitioned_table
    261    PSEUDOCOLUMNS = {"_PARTITIONTIME", "_PARTITIONDATE"}
    262
    263    def normalize_identifier(self, expression: E) -> E:
    264        if isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier):
    265            parent = expression.parent
    266            while isinstance(parent, exp.Dot):
    267                parent = parent.parent
    268
    269            # In BigQuery, CTEs aren't case-sensitive, but table names are (by default, at least).
    270            # The following check is essentially a heuristic to detect tables based on whether or
    271            # not they're qualified. It also avoids normalizing UDFs, because they're case-sensitive.
    272            if (
    273                not isinstance(parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction)
    274                and not (isinstance(parent, exp.Table) and parent.db)
    275                and not expression.meta.get("is_table")
    276            ):
    277                expression.set("this", expression.this.lower())
    278
    279        return expression
    280
    281    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    282        QUOTES = ["'", '"', '"""', "'''"]
    283        COMMENTS = ["--", "#", ("/*", "*/")]
    284        IDENTIFIERS = ["`"]
    285        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\"]
    286
    287        HEX_STRINGS = [("0x", ""), ("0X", "")]
    288
    289        BYTE_STRINGS = [
    290            (prefix + q, q) for q in t.cast(t.List[str], QUOTES) for prefix in ("b", "B")
    291        ]
    292
    293        RAW_STRINGS = [
    294            (prefix + q, q) for q in t.cast(t.List[str], QUOTES) for prefix in ("r", "R")
    295        ]
    296
    297        KEYWORDS = {
    298            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    299            "ANY TYPE": TokenType.VARIANT,
    300            "BEGIN": TokenType.COMMAND,
    301            "BEGIN TRANSACTION": TokenType.BEGIN,
    302            "BYTES": TokenType.BINARY,
    303            "CURRENT_DATETIME": TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME,
    304            "DECLARE": TokenType.COMMAND,
    305            "FLOAT64": TokenType.DOUBLE,
    306            "FOR SYSTEM_TIME": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT,
    307            "MODEL": TokenType.MODEL,
    308            "NOT DETERMINISTIC": TokenType.VOLATILE,
    309            "RECORD": TokenType.STRUCT,
    310            "TIMESTAMP": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
    311        }
    312        KEYWORDS.pop("DIV")
    313
    314    class Parser(parser.Parser):
    315        PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS = True
    316
    317        LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = True
    318
    319        FUNCTIONS = {
    320            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
    321            "DATE": _parse_date,
    322            "DATE_ADD": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.DateAdd),
    323            "DATE_SUB": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.DateSub),
    324            "DATE_TRUNC": lambda args: exp.DateTrunc(
    325                unit=exp.Literal.string(str(seq_get(args, 1))),
    326                this=seq_get(args, 0),
    327            ),
    328            "DATETIME_ADD": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.DatetimeAdd),
    329            "DATETIME_SUB": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.DatetimeSub),
    330            "DIV": binary_from_function(exp.IntDiv),
    331            "GENERATE_ARRAY": exp.GenerateSeries.from_arg_list,
    332            "MD5": exp.MD5Digest.from_arg_list,
    333            "TO_HEX": _parse_to_hex,
    334            "PARSE_DATE": lambda args: format_time_lambda(exp.StrToDate, "bigquery")(
    335                [seq_get(args, 1), seq_get(args, 0)]
    336            ),
    337            "PARSE_TIMESTAMP": _parse_timestamp,
    338            "REGEXP_CONTAINS": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
    339            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": lambda args: exp.RegexpExtract(
    340                this=seq_get(args, 0),
    341                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
    342                position=seq_get(args, 2),
    343                occurrence=seq_get(args, 3),
    344                group=exp.Literal.number(1) if re.compile(args[1].name).groups == 1 else None,
    345            ),
    346            "SHA256": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(256)),
    347            "SHA512": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(512)),
    348            "SPLIT": lambda args: exp.Split(
    349                # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/string_functions#split
    350                this=seq_get(args, 0),
    351                expression=seq_get(args, 1) or exp.Literal.string(","),
    352            ),
    353            "TIME_ADD": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.TimeAdd),
    354            "TIME_SUB": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.TimeSub),
    355            "TIMESTAMP_ADD": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.TimestampAdd),
    356            "TIMESTAMP_SUB": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.TimestampSub),
    357            "TIMESTAMP_MICROS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
    358                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MICROS
    359            ),
    360            "TIMESTAMP_MILLIS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
    361                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS
    362            ),
    363            "TIMESTAMP_SECONDS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
    364                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.SECONDS
    365            ),
    366            "TO_JSON_STRING": exp.JSONFormat.from_arg_list,
    367        }
    368
    369        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    370            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
    371            "ARRAY": lambda self: self.expression(exp.Array, expressions=[self._parse_statement()]),
    372        }
    373        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("TRIM")
    374
    375        NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS = {
    376            **parser.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS,
    377            TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: exp.CurrentDatetime,
    378        }
    379
    380        NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS = {
    381            *parser.Parser.NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS,
    382            TokenType.TABLE,
    383        }
    384
    385        ID_VAR_TOKENS = {
    386            *parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS,
    387            TokenType.VALUES,
    388        }
    389
    390        PROPERTY_PARSERS = {
    391            **parser.Parser.PROPERTY_PARSERS,
    392            "NOT DETERMINISTIC": lambda self: self.expression(
    393                exp.StabilityProperty, this=exp.Literal.string("VOLATILE")
    394            ),
    395            "OPTIONS": lambda self: self._parse_with_property(),
    396        }
    397
    398        CONSTRAINT_PARSERS = {
    399            **parser.Parser.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS,
    400            "OPTIONS": lambda self: exp.Properties(expressions=self._parse_with_property()),
    401        }
    402
    403        RANGE_PARSERS = parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS.copy()
    404        RANGE_PARSERS.pop(TokenType.OVERLAPS, None)
    405
    406        NULL_TOKENS = {TokenType.NULL, TokenType.UNKNOWN}
    407
    408        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
    409            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
    410            TokenType.END: lambda self: self._parse_as_command(self._prev),
    411            TokenType.FOR: lambda self: self._parse_for_in(),
    412        }
    413
    414        BRACKET_OFFSETS = {
    415            "OFFSET": (0, False),
    416            "ORDINAL": (1, False),
    417            "SAFE_OFFSET": (0, True),
    418            "SAFE_ORDINAL": (1, True),
    419        }
    420
    421        def _parse_for_in(self) -> exp.ForIn:
    422            this = self._parse_range()
    423            self._match_text_seq("DO")
    424            return self.expression(exp.ForIn, this=this, expression=self._parse_statement())
    425
    426        def _parse_table_part(self, schema: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    427            this = super()._parse_table_part(schema=schema) or self._parse_number()
    428
    429            # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/lexical#table_names
    430            if isinstance(this, exp.Identifier):
    431                table_name = this.name
    432                while self._match(TokenType.DASH, advance=False) and self._next:
    433                    self._advance(2)
    434                    table_name += f"-{self._prev.text}"
    435
    436                this = exp.Identifier(this=table_name, quoted=this.args.get("quoted"))
    437            elif isinstance(this, exp.Literal):
    438                table_name = this.name
    439
    440                if self._is_connected() and self._parse_var(any_token=True):
    441                    table_name += self._prev.text
    442
    443                this = exp.Identifier(this=table_name, quoted=True)
    444
    445            return this
    446
    447        def _parse_table_parts(self, schema: bool = False) -> exp.Table:
    448            table = super()._parse_table_parts(schema=schema)
    449            if isinstance(table.this, exp.Identifier) and "." in table.name:
    450                catalog, db, this, *rest = (
    451                    t.cast(t.Optional[exp.Expression], exp.to_identifier(x))
    452                    for x in split_num_words(table.name, ".", 3)
    453                )
    454
    455                if rest and this:
    456                    this = exp.Dot.build(t.cast(t.List[exp.Expression], [this, *rest]))
    457
    458                table = exp.Table(this=this, db=db, catalog=catalog)
    459
    460            return table
    461
    462        def _parse_json_object(self) -> exp.JSONObject:
    463            json_object = super()._parse_json_object()
    464            array_kv_pair = seq_get(json_object.expressions, 0)
    465
    466            # Converts BQ's "signature 2" of JSON_OBJECT into SQLGlot's canonical representation
    467            # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/json_functions#json_object_signature2
    468            if (
    469                array_kv_pair
    470                and isinstance(array_kv_pair.this, exp.Array)
    471                and isinstance(array_kv_pair.expression, exp.Array)
    472            ):
    473                keys = array_kv_pair.this.expressions
    474                values = array_kv_pair.expression.expressions
    475
    476                json_object.set(
    477                    "expressions",
    478                    [exp.JSONKeyValue(this=k, expression=v) for k, v in zip(keys, values)],
    479                )
    480
    481            return json_object
    482
    483        def _parse_bracket(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    484            bracket = super()._parse_bracket(this)
    485
    486            if this is bracket:
    487                return bracket
    488
    489            if isinstance(bracket, exp.Bracket):
    490                for expression in bracket.expressions:
    491                    name = expression.name.upper()
    492
    493                    if name not in self.BRACKET_OFFSETS:
    494                        break
    495
    496                    offset, safe = self.BRACKET_OFFSETS[name]
    497                    bracket.set("offset", offset)
    498                    bracket.set("safe", safe)
    499                    expression.replace(expression.expressions[0])
    500
    501            return bracket
    502
    503    class Generator(generator.Generator):
    504        EXPLICIT_UNION = True
    505        INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM = False
    506        JOIN_HINTS = False
    507        QUERY_HINTS = False
    508        TABLE_HINTS = False
    509        LIMIT_FETCH = "LIMIT"
    510        RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
    511        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
    512        UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY = False
    513        COLLATE_IS_FUNC = True
    514        LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
    515
    516        TRANSFORMS = {
    517            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
    518            exp.ApproxDistinct: rename_func("APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT"),
    519            exp.ArgMax: arg_max_or_min_no_count("MAX_BY"),
    520            exp.ArgMin: arg_max_or_min_no_count("MIN_BY"),
    521            exp.ArrayContains: _array_contains_sql,
    522            exp.ArraySize: rename_func("ARRAY_LENGTH"),
    523            exp.Cast: transforms.preprocess([transforms.remove_precision_parameterized_types]),
    524            exp.CollateProperty: lambda self, e: f"DEFAULT COLLATE {self.sql(e, 'this')}"
    525            if e.args.get("default")
    526            else f"COLLATE {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
    527            exp.Create: _create_sql,
    528            exp.CTE: transforms.preprocess([_pushdown_cte_column_names]),
    529            exp.DateAdd: date_add_interval_sql("DATE", "ADD"),
    530            exp.DateDiff: lambda self, e: f"DATE_DIFF({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.sql(e, 'expression')}, {self.sql(e.args.get('unit', 'DAY'))})",
    531            exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("DATE"),
    532            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
    533            exp.DateSub: date_add_interval_sql("DATE", "SUB"),
    534            exp.DatetimeAdd: date_add_interval_sql("DATETIME", "ADD"),
    535            exp.DatetimeSub: date_add_interval_sql("DATETIME", "SUB"),
    536            exp.DateTrunc: lambda self, e: self.func("DATE_TRUNC", e.this, e.text("unit")),
    537            exp.GenerateSeries: rename_func("GENERATE_ARRAY"),
    538            exp.GroupConcat: rename_func("STRING_AGG"),
    539            exp.Hex: rename_func("TO_HEX"),
    540            exp.If: if_sql(false_value="NULL"),
    541            exp.ILike: no_ilike_sql,
    542            exp.IntDiv: rename_func("DIV"),
    543            exp.JSONFormat: rename_func("TO_JSON_STRING"),
    544            exp.JSONKeyValue: json_keyvalue_comma_sql,
    545            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
    546            exp.MD5: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_HEX", self.func("MD5", e.this)),
    547            exp.MD5Digest: rename_func("MD5"),
    548            exp.Min: min_or_least,
    549            exp.PartitionedByProperty: lambda self, e: f"PARTITION BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
    550            exp.RegexpExtract: lambda self, e: self.func(
    551                "REGEXP_EXTRACT",
    552                e.this,
    553                e.expression,
    554                e.args.get("position"),
    555                e.args.get("occurrence"),
    556            ),
    557            exp.RegexpReplace: regexp_replace_sql,
    558            exp.RegexpLike: rename_func("REGEXP_CONTAINS"),
    559            exp.ReturnsProperty: _returnsproperty_sql,
    560            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
    561                [
    562                    transforms.explode_to_unnest(),
    563                    _unqualify_unnest,
    564                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
    565                    _alias_ordered_group,
    566                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
    567                ]
    568            ),
    569            exp.SHA2: lambda self, e: self.func(
    570                f"SHA256" if e.text("length") == "256" else "SHA512", e.this
    571            ),
    572            exp.StabilityProperty: lambda self, e: f"DETERMINISTIC"
    573            if e.name == "IMMUTABLE"
    574            else "NOT DETERMINISTIC",
    575            exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: f"PARSE_DATE({self.format_time(e)}, {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
    576            exp.StrToTime: lambda self, e: self.func(
    577                "PARSE_TIMESTAMP", self.format_time(e), e.this, e.args.get("zone")
    578            ),
    579            exp.TimeAdd: date_add_interval_sql("TIME", "ADD"),
    580            exp.TimeSub: date_add_interval_sql("TIME", "SUB"),
    581            exp.TimestampAdd: date_add_interval_sql("TIMESTAMP", "ADD"),
    582            exp.TimestampSub: date_add_interval_sql("TIMESTAMP", "SUB"),
    583            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
    584            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: f"FORMAT_DATE({self.format_time(e)}, {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
    585            exp.Trim: lambda self, e: self.func(f"TRIM", e.this, e.expression),
    586            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _ts_or_ds_add_sql,
    587            exp.TsOrDsDiff: _ts_or_ds_diff_sql,
    588            exp.TsOrDsToDate: ts_or_ds_to_date_sql("bigquery"),
    589            exp.Unhex: rename_func("FROM_HEX"),
    590            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
    591            exp.Values: _derived_table_values_to_unnest,
    592            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
    593        }
    594
    595        TYPE_MAPPING = {
    596            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
    597            exp.DataType.Type.BIGDECIMAL: "BIGNUMERIC",
    598            exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT: "INT64",
    599            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BYTES",
    600            exp.DataType.Type.BOOLEAN: "BOOL",
    601            exp.DataType.Type.CHAR: "STRING",
    602            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: "NUMERIC",
    603            exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: "FLOAT64",
    604            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "FLOAT64",
    605            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INT64",
    606            exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "STRING",
    607            exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "STRING",
    608            exp.DataType.Type.SMALLINT: "INT64",
    609            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "STRING",
    610            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "DATETIME",
    611            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
    612            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPLTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
    613            exp.DataType.Type.TINYINT: "INT64",
    614            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BYTES",
    615            exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR: "STRING",
    616            exp.DataType.Type.VARIANT: "ANY TYPE",
    617        }
    618
    619        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
    620            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
    621            exp.PartitionedByProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA,
    622            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
    623        }
    624
    625        # from: https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/lexical#reserved_keywords
    626        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
    627            *generator.Generator.RESERVED_KEYWORDS,
    628            "all",
    629            "and",
    630            "any",
    631            "array",
    632            "as",
    633            "asc",
    634            "assert_rows_modified",
    635            "at",
    636            "between",
    637            "by",
    638            "case",
    639            "cast",
    640            "collate",
    641            "contains",
    642            "create",
    643            "cross",
    644            "cube",
    645            "current",
    646            "default",
    647            "define",
    648            "desc",
    649            "distinct",
    650            "else",
    651            "end",
    652            "enum",
    653            "escape",
    654            "except",
    655            "exclude",
    656            "exists",
    657            "extract",
    658            "false",
    659            "fetch",
    660            "following",
    661            "for",
    662            "from",
    663            "full",
    664            "group",
    665            "grouping",
    666            "groups",
    667            "hash",
    668            "having",
    669            "if",
    670            "ignore",
    671            "in",
    672            "inner",
    673            "intersect",
    674            "interval",
    675            "into",
    676            "is",
    677            "join",
    678            "lateral",
    679            "left",
    680            "like",
    681            "limit",
    682            "lookup",
    683            "merge",
    684            "natural",
    685            "new",
    686            "no",
    687            "not",
    688            "null",
    689            "nulls",
    690            "of",
    691            "on",
    692            "or",
    693            "order",
    694            "outer",
    695            "over",
    696            "partition",
    697            "preceding",
    698            "proto",
    699            "qualify",
    700            "range",
    701            "recursive",
    702            "respect",
    703            "right",
    704            "rollup",
    705            "rows",
    706            "select",
    707            "set",
    708            "some",
    709            "struct",
    710            "tablesample",
    711            "then",
    712            "to",
    713            "treat",
    714            "true",
    715            "unbounded",
    716            "union",
    717            "unnest",
    718            "using",
    719            "when",
    720            "where",
    721            "window",
    722            "with",
    723            "within",
    724        }
    725
    726        def eq_sql(self, expression: exp.EQ) -> str:
    727            # Operands of = cannot be NULL in BigQuery
    728            if isinstance(expression.left, exp.Null) or isinstance(expression.right, exp.Null):
    729                return "NULL"
    730
    731            return self.binary(expression, "=")
    732
    733        def attimezone_sql(self, expression: exp.AtTimeZone) -> str:
    734            parent = expression.parent
    735
    736            # BigQuery allows CAST(.. AS {STRING|TIMESTAMP} [FORMAT <fmt> [AT TIME ZONE <tz>]]).
    737            # Only the TIMESTAMP one should use the below conversion, when AT TIME ZONE is included.
    738            if not isinstance(parent, exp.Cast) or not parent.to.is_type("text"):
    739                return self.func(
    740                    "TIMESTAMP", self.func("DATETIME", expression.this, expression.args.get("zone"))
    741                )
    742
    743            return super().attimezone_sql(expression)
    744
    745        def trycast_sql(self, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str:
    746            return self.cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix="SAFE_")
    747
    748        def cte_sql(self, expression: exp.CTE) -> str:
    749            if expression.alias_column_names:
    750                self.unsupported("Column names in CTE definition are not supported.")
    751            return super().cte_sql(expression)
    752
    753        def array_sql(self, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
    754            first_arg = seq_get(expression.expressions, 0)
    755            if isinstance(first_arg, exp.Subqueryable):
    756                return f"ARRAY{self.wrap(self.sql(first_arg))}"
    757
    758            return inline_array_sql(self, expression)
    759
    760        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
    761            expressions = expression.expressions
    762            expressions_sql = ", ".join(self.sql(e) for e in expressions)
    763            offset = expression.args.get("offset")
    764
    765            if offset == 0:
    766                expressions_sql = f"OFFSET({expressions_sql})"
    767            elif offset == 1:
    768                expressions_sql = f"ORDINAL({expressions_sql})"
    769            else:
    770                self.unsupported(f"Unsupported array offset: {offset}")
    771
    772            if expression.args.get("safe"):
    773                expressions_sql = f"SAFE_{expressions_sql}"
    774
    775            return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}[{expressions_sql}]"
    776
    777        def transaction_sql(self, *_) -> str:
    778            return "BEGIN TRANSACTION"
    779
    780        def commit_sql(self, *_) -> str:
    781            return "COMMIT TRANSACTION"
    782
    783        def rollback_sql(self, *_) -> str:
    784            return "ROLLBACK TRANSACTION"
    785
    786        def in_unnest_op(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    787            return self.sql(expression)
    788
    789        def except_op(self, expression: exp.Except) -> str:
    790            if not expression.args.get("distinct", False):
    791                self.unsupported("EXCEPT without DISTINCT is not supported in BigQuery")
    792            return f"EXCEPT{' DISTINCT' if expression.args.get('distinct') else ' ALL'}"
    793
    794        def intersect_op(self, expression: exp.Intersect) -> str:
    795            if not expression.args.get("distinct", False):
    796                self.unsupported("INTERSECT without DISTINCT is not supported in BigQuery")
    797            return f"INTERSECT{' DISTINCT' if expression.args.get('distinct') else ' ALL'}"
    798
    799        def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str:
    800            return self.properties(properties, prefix=self.seg("OPTIONS"))
    801
    802        def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str:
    803            if expression.name == "TIMESTAMP":
    804                expression.set("this", "SYSTEM_TIME")
    805            return super().version_sql(expression)

logger = <Logger sqlglot (WARNING)>
class BigQuery(sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect): View Source

    218class BigQuery(Dialect):
    219    UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY = True
    220    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
    221    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False
    222    LOG_BASE_FIRST = False
    223
    224    # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/lexical#case_sensitivity
    225    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
    226
    227    # bigquery udfs are case sensitive
    228    NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS = False
    229
    230    TIME_MAPPING = {
    231        "%D": "%m/%d/%y",
    232    }
    233
    234    ESCAPE_SEQUENCES = {
    235        "\\a": "\a",
    236        "\\b": "\b",
    237        "\\f": "\f",
    238        "\\n": "\n",
    239        "\\r": "\r",
    240        "\\t": "\t",
    241        "\\v": "\v",
    242    }
    243
    244    FORMAT_MAPPING = {
    245        "DD": "%d",
    246        "MM": "%m",
    247        "MON": "%b",
    248        "MONTH": "%B",
    249        "YYYY": "%Y",
    250        "YY": "%y",
    251        "HH": "%I",
    252        "HH12": "%I",
    253        "HH24": "%H",
    254        "MI": "%M",
    255        "SS": "%S",
    256        "SSSSS": "%f",
    257        "TZH": "%z",
    258    }
    259
    260    # The _PARTITIONTIME and _PARTITIONDATE pseudo-columns are not returned by a SELECT * statement
    261    # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/querying-partitioned-tables#query_an_ingestion-time_partitioned_table
    262    PSEUDOCOLUMNS = {"_PARTITIONTIME", "_PARTITIONDATE"}
    263
    264    def normalize_identifier(self, expression: E) -> E:
    265        if isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier):
    266            parent = expression.parent
    267            while isinstance(parent, exp.Dot):
    268                parent = parent.parent
    269
    270            # In BigQuery, CTEs aren't case-sensitive, but table names are (by default, at least).
    271            # The following check is essentially a heuristic to detect tables based on whether or
    272            # not they're qualified. It also avoids normalizing UDFs, because they're case-sensitive.
    273            if (
    274                not isinstance(parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction)
    275                and not (isinstance(parent, exp.Table) and parent.db)
    276                and not expression.meta.get("is_table")
    277            ):
    278                expression.set("this", expression.this.lower())
    279
    280        return expression
    281
    282    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    283        QUOTES = ["'", '"', '"""', "'''"]
    284        COMMENTS = ["--", "#", ("/*", "*/")]
    285        IDENTIFIERS = ["`"]
    286        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\"]
    287
    288        HEX_STRINGS = [("0x", ""), ("0X", "")]
    289
    290        BYTE_STRINGS = [
    291            (prefix + q, q) for q in t.cast(t.List[str], QUOTES) for prefix in ("b", "B")
    292        ]
    293
    294        RAW_STRINGS = [
    295            (prefix + q, q) for q in t.cast(t.List[str], QUOTES) for prefix in ("r", "R")
    296        ]
    297
    298        KEYWORDS = {
    299            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    300            "ANY TYPE": TokenType.VARIANT,
    301            "BEGIN": TokenType.COMMAND,
    302            "BEGIN TRANSACTION": TokenType.BEGIN,
    303            "BYTES": TokenType.BINARY,
    304            "CURRENT_DATETIME": TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME,
    305            "DECLARE": TokenType.COMMAND,
    306            "FLOAT64": TokenType.DOUBLE,
    307            "FOR SYSTEM_TIME": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT,
    308            "MODEL": TokenType.MODEL,
    309            "NOT DETERMINISTIC": TokenType.VOLATILE,
    310            "RECORD": TokenType.STRUCT,
    311            "TIMESTAMP": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
    312        }
    313        KEYWORDS.pop("DIV")
    314
    315    class Parser(parser.Parser):
    316        PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS = True
    317
    318        LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = True
    319
    320        FUNCTIONS = {
    321            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
    322            "DATE": _parse_date,
    323            "DATE_ADD": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.DateAdd),
    324            "DATE_SUB": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.DateSub),
    325            "DATE_TRUNC": lambda args: exp.DateTrunc(
    326                unit=exp.Literal.string(str(seq_get(args, 1))),
    327                this=seq_get(args, 0),
    328            ),
    329            "DATETIME_ADD": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.DatetimeAdd),
    330            "DATETIME_SUB": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.DatetimeSub),
    331            "DIV": binary_from_function(exp.IntDiv),
    332            "GENERATE_ARRAY": exp.GenerateSeries.from_arg_list,
    333            "MD5": exp.MD5Digest.from_arg_list,
    334            "TO_HEX": _parse_to_hex,
    335            "PARSE_DATE": lambda args: format_time_lambda(exp.StrToDate, "bigquery")(
    336                [seq_get(args, 1), seq_get(args, 0)]
    337            ),
    338            "PARSE_TIMESTAMP": _parse_timestamp,
    339            "REGEXP_CONTAINS": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
    340            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": lambda args: exp.RegexpExtract(
    341                this=seq_get(args, 0),
    342                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
    343                position=seq_get(args, 2),
    344                occurrence=seq_get(args, 3),
    345                group=exp.Literal.number(1) if re.compile(args[1].name).groups == 1 else None,
    346            ),
    347            "SHA256": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(256)),
    348            "SHA512": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(512)),
    349            "SPLIT": lambda args: exp.Split(
    350                # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/string_functions#split
    351                this=seq_get(args, 0),
    352                expression=seq_get(args, 1) or exp.Literal.string(","),
    353            ),
    354            "TIME_ADD": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.TimeAdd),
    355            "TIME_SUB": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.TimeSub),
    356            "TIMESTAMP_ADD": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.TimestampAdd),
    357            "TIMESTAMP_SUB": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.TimestampSub),
    358            "TIMESTAMP_MICROS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
    359                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MICROS
    360            ),
    361            "TIMESTAMP_MILLIS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
    362                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS
    363            ),
    364            "TIMESTAMP_SECONDS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
    365                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.SECONDS
    366            ),
    367            "TO_JSON_STRING": exp.JSONFormat.from_arg_list,
    368        }
    369
    370        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    371            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
    372            "ARRAY": lambda self: self.expression(exp.Array, expressions=[self._parse_statement()]),
    373        }
    374        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("TRIM")
    375
    376        NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS = {
    377            **parser.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS,
    378            TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: exp.CurrentDatetime,
    379        }
    380
    381        NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS = {
    382            *parser.Parser.NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS,
    383            TokenType.TABLE,
    384        }
    385
    386        ID_VAR_TOKENS = {
    387            *parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS,
    388            TokenType.VALUES,
    389        }
    390
    391        PROPERTY_PARSERS = {
    392            **parser.Parser.PROPERTY_PARSERS,
    393            "NOT DETERMINISTIC": lambda self: self.expression(
    394                exp.StabilityProperty, this=exp.Literal.string("VOLATILE")
    395            ),
    396            "OPTIONS": lambda self: self._parse_with_property(),
    397        }
    398
    399        CONSTRAINT_PARSERS = {
    400            **parser.Parser.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS,
    401            "OPTIONS": lambda self: exp.Properties(expressions=self._parse_with_property()),
    402        }
    403
    404        RANGE_PARSERS = parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS.copy()
    405        RANGE_PARSERS.pop(TokenType.OVERLAPS, None)
    406
    407        NULL_TOKENS = {TokenType.NULL, TokenType.UNKNOWN}
    408
    409        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
    410            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
    411            TokenType.END: lambda self: self._parse_as_command(self._prev),
    412            TokenType.FOR: lambda self: self._parse_for_in(),
    413        }
    414
    415        BRACKET_OFFSETS = {
    416            "OFFSET": (0, False),
    417            "ORDINAL": (1, False),
    418            "SAFE_OFFSET": (0, True),
    419            "SAFE_ORDINAL": (1, True),
    420        }
    421
    422        def _parse_for_in(self) -> exp.ForIn:
    423            this = self._parse_range()
    424            self._match_text_seq("DO")
    425            return self.expression(exp.ForIn, this=this, expression=self._parse_statement())
    426
    427        def _parse_table_part(self, schema: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    428            this = super()._parse_table_part(schema=schema) or self._parse_number()
    429
    430            # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/lexical#table_names
    431            if isinstance(this, exp.Identifier):
    432                table_name = this.name
    433                while self._match(TokenType.DASH, advance=False) and self._next:
    434                    self._advance(2)
    435                    table_name += f"-{self._prev.text}"
    436
    437                this = exp.Identifier(this=table_name, quoted=this.args.get("quoted"))
    438            elif isinstance(this, exp.Literal):
    439                table_name = this.name
    440
    441                if self._is_connected() and self._parse_var(any_token=True):
    442                    table_name += self._prev.text
    443
    444                this = exp.Identifier(this=table_name, quoted=True)
    445
    446            return this
    447
    448        def _parse_table_parts(self, schema: bool = False) -> exp.Table:
    449            table = super()._parse_table_parts(schema=schema)
    450            if isinstance(table.this, exp.Identifier) and "." in table.name:
    451                catalog, db, this, *rest = (
    452                    t.cast(t.Optional[exp.Expression], exp.to_identifier(x))
    453                    for x in split_num_words(table.name, ".", 3)
    454                )
    455
    456                if rest and this:
    457                    this = exp.Dot.build(t.cast(t.List[exp.Expression], [this, *rest]))
    458
    459                table = exp.Table(this=this, db=db, catalog=catalog)
    460
    461            return table
    462
    463        def _parse_json_object(self) -> exp.JSONObject:
    464            json_object = super()._parse_json_object()
    465            array_kv_pair = seq_get(json_object.expressions, 0)
    466
    467            # Converts BQ's "signature 2" of JSON_OBJECT into SQLGlot's canonical representation
    468            # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/json_functions#json_object_signature2
    469            if (
    470                array_kv_pair
    471                and isinstance(array_kv_pair.this, exp.Array)
    472                and isinstance(array_kv_pair.expression, exp.Array)
    473            ):
    474                keys = array_kv_pair.this.expressions
    475                values = array_kv_pair.expression.expressions
    476
    477                json_object.set(
    478                    "expressions",
    479                    [exp.JSONKeyValue(this=k, expression=v) for k, v in zip(keys, values)],
    480                )
    481
    482            return json_object
    483
    484        def _parse_bracket(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    485            bracket = super()._parse_bracket(this)
    486
    487            if this is bracket:
    488                return bracket
    489
    490            if isinstance(bracket, exp.Bracket):
    491                for expression in bracket.expressions:
    492                    name = expression.name.upper()
    493
    494                    if name not in self.BRACKET_OFFSETS:
    495                        break
    496
    497                    offset, safe = self.BRACKET_OFFSETS[name]
    498                    bracket.set("offset", offset)
    499                    bracket.set("safe", safe)
    500                    expression.replace(expression.expressions[0])
    501
    502            return bracket
    503
    504    class Generator(generator.Generator):
    505        EXPLICIT_UNION = True
    506        INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM = False
    507        JOIN_HINTS = False
    508        QUERY_HINTS = False
    509        TABLE_HINTS = False
    510        LIMIT_FETCH = "LIMIT"
    511        RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
    512        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
    513        UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY = False
    514        COLLATE_IS_FUNC = True
    515        LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
    516
    517        TRANSFORMS = {
    518            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
    519            exp.ApproxDistinct: rename_func("APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT"),
    520            exp.ArgMax: arg_max_or_min_no_count("MAX_BY"),
    521            exp.ArgMin: arg_max_or_min_no_count("MIN_BY"),
    522            exp.ArrayContains: _array_contains_sql,
    523            exp.ArraySize: rename_func("ARRAY_LENGTH"),
    524            exp.Cast: transforms.preprocess([transforms.remove_precision_parameterized_types]),
    525            exp.CollateProperty: lambda self, e: f"DEFAULT COLLATE {self.sql(e, 'this')}"
    526            if e.args.get("default")
    527            else f"COLLATE {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
    528            exp.Create: _create_sql,
    529            exp.CTE: transforms.preprocess([_pushdown_cte_column_names]),
    530            exp.DateAdd: date_add_interval_sql("DATE", "ADD"),
    531            exp.DateDiff: lambda self, e: f"DATE_DIFF({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.sql(e, 'expression')}, {self.sql(e.args.get('unit', 'DAY'))})",
    532            exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("DATE"),
    533            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
    534            exp.DateSub: date_add_interval_sql("DATE", "SUB"),
    535            exp.DatetimeAdd: date_add_interval_sql("DATETIME", "ADD"),
    536            exp.DatetimeSub: date_add_interval_sql("DATETIME", "SUB"),
    537            exp.DateTrunc: lambda self, e: self.func("DATE_TRUNC", e.this, e.text("unit")),
    538            exp.GenerateSeries: rename_func("GENERATE_ARRAY"),
    539            exp.GroupConcat: rename_func("STRING_AGG"),
    540            exp.Hex: rename_func("TO_HEX"),
    541            exp.If: if_sql(false_value="NULL"),
    542            exp.ILike: no_ilike_sql,
    543            exp.IntDiv: rename_func("DIV"),
    544            exp.JSONFormat: rename_func("TO_JSON_STRING"),
    545            exp.JSONKeyValue: json_keyvalue_comma_sql,
    546            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
    547            exp.MD5: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_HEX", self.func("MD5", e.this)),
    548            exp.MD5Digest: rename_func("MD5"),
    549            exp.Min: min_or_least,
    550            exp.PartitionedByProperty: lambda self, e: f"PARTITION BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
    551            exp.RegexpExtract: lambda self, e: self.func(
    552                "REGEXP_EXTRACT",
    553                e.this,
    554                e.expression,
    555                e.args.get("position"),
    556                e.args.get("occurrence"),
    557            ),
    558            exp.RegexpReplace: regexp_replace_sql,
    559            exp.RegexpLike: rename_func("REGEXP_CONTAINS"),
    560            exp.ReturnsProperty: _returnsproperty_sql,
    561            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
    562                [
    563                    transforms.explode_to_unnest(),
    564                    _unqualify_unnest,
    565                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
    566                    _alias_ordered_group,
    567                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
    568                ]
    569            ),
    570            exp.SHA2: lambda self, e: self.func(
    571                f"SHA256" if e.text("length") == "256" else "SHA512", e.this
    572            ),
    573            exp.StabilityProperty: lambda self, e: f"DETERMINISTIC"
    574            if e.name == "IMMUTABLE"
    575            else "NOT DETERMINISTIC",
    576            exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: f"PARSE_DATE({self.format_time(e)}, {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
    577            exp.StrToTime: lambda self, e: self.func(
    578                "PARSE_TIMESTAMP", self.format_time(e), e.this, e.args.get("zone")
    579            ),
    580            exp.TimeAdd: date_add_interval_sql("TIME", "ADD"),
    581            exp.TimeSub: date_add_interval_sql("TIME", "SUB"),
    582            exp.TimestampAdd: date_add_interval_sql("TIMESTAMP", "ADD"),
    583            exp.TimestampSub: date_add_interval_sql("TIMESTAMP", "SUB"),
    584            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
    585            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: f"FORMAT_DATE({self.format_time(e)}, {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
    586            exp.Trim: lambda self, e: self.func(f"TRIM", e.this, e.expression),
    587            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _ts_or_ds_add_sql,
    588            exp.TsOrDsDiff: _ts_or_ds_diff_sql,
    589            exp.TsOrDsToDate: ts_or_ds_to_date_sql("bigquery"),
    590            exp.Unhex: rename_func("FROM_HEX"),
    591            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
    592            exp.Values: _derived_table_values_to_unnest,
    593            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
    594        }
    595
    596        TYPE_MAPPING = {
    597            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
    598            exp.DataType.Type.BIGDECIMAL: "BIGNUMERIC",
    599            exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT: "INT64",
    600            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BYTES",
    601            exp.DataType.Type.BOOLEAN: "BOOL",
    602            exp.DataType.Type.CHAR: "STRING",
    603            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: "NUMERIC",
    604            exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: "FLOAT64",
    605            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "FLOAT64",
    606            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INT64",
    607            exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "STRING",
    608            exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "STRING",
    609            exp.DataType.Type.SMALLINT: "INT64",
    610            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "STRING",
    611            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "DATETIME",
    612            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
    613            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPLTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
    614            exp.DataType.Type.TINYINT: "INT64",
    615            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BYTES",
    616            exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR: "STRING",
    617            exp.DataType.Type.VARIANT: "ANY TYPE",
    618        }
    619
    620        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
    621            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
    622            exp.PartitionedByProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA,
    623            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
    624        }
    625
    626        # from: https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/lexical#reserved_keywords
    627        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
    628            *generator.Generator.RESERVED_KEYWORDS,
    629            "all",
    630            "and",
    631            "any",
    632            "array",
    633            "as",
    634            "asc",
    635            "assert_rows_modified",
    636            "at",
    637            "between",
    638            "by",
    639            "case",
    640            "cast",
    641            "collate",
    642            "contains",
    643            "create",
    644            "cross",
    645            "cube",
    646            "current",
    647            "default",
    648            "define",
    649            "desc",
    650            "distinct",
    651            "else",
    652            "end",
    653            "enum",
    654            "escape",
    655            "except",
    656            "exclude",
    657            "exists",
    658            "extract",
    659            "false",
    660            "fetch",
    661            "following",
    662            "for",
    663            "from",
    664            "full",
    665            "group",
    666            "grouping",
    667            "groups",
    668            "hash",
    669            "having",
    670            "if",
    671            "ignore",
    672            "in",
    673            "inner",
    674            "intersect",
    675            "interval",
    676            "into",
    677            "is",
    678            "join",
    679            "lateral",
    680            "left",
    681            "like",
    682            "limit",
    683            "lookup",
    684            "merge",
    685            "natural",
    686            "new",
    687            "no",
    688            "not",
    689            "null",
    690            "nulls",
    691            "of",
    692            "on",
    693            "or",
    694            "order",
    695            "outer",
    696            "over",
    697            "partition",
    698            "preceding",
    699            "proto",
    700            "qualify",
    701            "range",
    702            "recursive",
    703            "respect",
    704            "right",
    705            "rollup",
    706            "rows",
    707            "select",
    708            "set",
    709            "some",
    710            "struct",
    711            "tablesample",
    712            "then",
    713            "to",
    714            "treat",
    715            "true",
    716            "unbounded",
    717            "union",
    718            "unnest",
    719            "using",
    720            "when",
    721            "where",
    722            "window",
    723            "with",
    724            "within",
    725        }
    726
    727        def eq_sql(self, expression: exp.EQ) -> str:
    728            # Operands of = cannot be NULL in BigQuery
    729            if isinstance(expression.left, exp.Null) or isinstance(expression.right, exp.Null):
    730                return "NULL"
    731
    732            return self.binary(expression, "=")
    733
    734        def attimezone_sql(self, expression: exp.AtTimeZone) -> str:
    735            parent = expression.parent
    736
    737            # BigQuery allows CAST(.. AS {STRING|TIMESTAMP} [FORMAT <fmt> [AT TIME ZONE <tz>]]).
    738            # Only the TIMESTAMP one should use the below conversion, when AT TIME ZONE is included.
    739            if not isinstance(parent, exp.Cast) or not parent.to.is_type("text"):
    740                return self.func(
    741                    "TIMESTAMP", self.func("DATETIME", expression.this, expression.args.get("zone"))
    742                )
    743
    744            return super().attimezone_sql(expression)
    745
    746        def trycast_sql(self, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str:
    747            return self.cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix="SAFE_")
    748
    749        def cte_sql(self, expression: exp.CTE) -> str:
    750            if expression.alias_column_names:
    751                self.unsupported("Column names in CTE definition are not supported.")
    752            return super().cte_sql(expression)
    753
    754        def array_sql(self, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
    755            first_arg = seq_get(expression.expressions, 0)
    756            if isinstance(first_arg, exp.Subqueryable):
    757                return f"ARRAY{self.wrap(self.sql(first_arg))}"
    758
    759            return inline_array_sql(self, expression)
    760
    761        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
    762            expressions = expression.expressions
    763            expressions_sql = ", ".join(self.sql(e) for e in expressions)
    764            offset = expression.args.get("offset")
    765
    766            if offset == 0:
    767                expressions_sql = f"OFFSET({expressions_sql})"
    768            elif offset == 1:
    769                expressions_sql = f"ORDINAL({expressions_sql})"
    770            else:
    771                self.unsupported(f"Unsupported array offset: {offset}")
    772
    773            if expression.args.get("safe"):
    774                expressions_sql = f"SAFE_{expressions_sql}"
    775
    776            return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}[{expressions_sql}]"
    777
    778        def transaction_sql(self, *_) -> str:
    779            return "BEGIN TRANSACTION"
    780
    781        def commit_sql(self, *_) -> str:
    782            return "COMMIT TRANSACTION"
    783
    784        def rollback_sql(self, *_) -> str:
    785            return "ROLLBACK TRANSACTION"
    786
    787        def in_unnest_op(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    788            return self.sql(expression)
    789
    790        def except_op(self, expression: exp.Except) -> str:
    791            if not expression.args.get("distinct", False):
    792                self.unsupported("EXCEPT without DISTINCT is not supported in BigQuery")
    793            return f"EXCEPT{' DISTINCT' if expression.args.get('distinct') else ' ALL'}"
    794
    795        def intersect_op(self, expression: exp.Intersect) -> str:
    796            if not expression.args.get("distinct", False):
    797                self.unsupported("INTERSECT without DISTINCT is not supported in BigQuery")
    798            return f"INTERSECT{' DISTINCT' if expression.args.get('distinct') else ' ALL'}"
    799
    800        def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str:
    801            return self.properties(properties, prefix=self.seg("OPTIONS"))
    802
    803        def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str:
    804            if expression.name == "TIMESTAMP":
    805                expression.set("this", "SYSTEM_TIME")
    806            return super().version_sql(expression)

UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY = True
SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False
LOG_BASE_FIRST = False
NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = <NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE: 'CASE_INSENSITIVE'>
NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS: bool | str = False
TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'%D': '%m/%d/%y'}
ESCAPE_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {'\\a': '\x07', '\\b': '\x08', '\\f': '\x0c', '\\n': '\n', '\\r': '\r', '\\t': '\t', '\\v': '\x0b'}
FORMAT_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'DD': '%d', 'MM': '%m', 'MON': '%b', 'MONTH': '%B', 'YYYY': '%Y', 'YY': '%y', 'HH': '%I', 'HH12': '%I', 'HH24': '%H', 'MI': '%M', 'SS': '%S', 'SSSSS': '%f', 'TZH': '%z'}
PSEUDOCOLUMNS: Set[str] = {'_PARTITIONDATE', '_PARTITIONTIME'}
def normalize_identifier(self, expression: ~E) -> ~E: View Source

    264    def normalize_identifier(self, expression: E) -> E:
    265        if isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier):
    266            parent = expression.parent
    267            while isinstance(parent, exp.Dot):
    268                parent = parent.parent
    269
    270            # In BigQuery, CTEs aren't case-sensitive, but table names are (by default, at least).
    271            # The following check is essentially a heuristic to detect tables based on whether or
    272            # not they're qualified. It also avoids normalizing UDFs, because they're case-sensitive.
    273            if (
    274                not isinstance(parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction)
    275                and not (isinstance(parent, exp.Table) and parent.db)
    276                and not expression.meta.get("is_table")
    277            ):
    278                expression.set("this", expression.this.lower())
    279
    280        return expression

Transforms an identifier in a way that resembles how it'd be resolved by this dialect.

For example, an identifier like FoO would be resolved as foo in Postgres, because it lowercases all unquoted identifiers. On the other hand, Snowflake uppercases them, so it would resolve it as FOO. If it was quoted, it'd need to be treated as case-sensitive, and so any normalization would be prohibited in order to avoid "breaking" the identifier.

There are also dialects like Spark, which are case-insensitive even when quotes are present, and dialects like MySQL, whose resolution rules match those employed by the underlying operating system, for example they may always be case-sensitive in Linux.

Finally, the normalization behavior of some engines can even be controlled through flags, like in Redshift's case, where users can explicitly set enable_case_sensitive_identifier.

SQLGlot aims to understand and handle all of these different behaviors gracefully, so that it can analyze queries in the optimizer and successfully capture their semantics.

tokenizer_class = <class 'BigQuery.Tokenizer'>
parser_class = <class 'BigQuery.Parser'>
generator_class = <class 'BigQuery.Generator'>
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'%': {'D': {0: True}}}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {'D': {'D': {0: True}}, 'M': {'M': {0: True}, 'O': {'N': {0: True, 'T': {'H': {0: True}}}}, 'I': {0: True}}, 'Y': {'Y': {'Y': {'Y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'H': {'H': {0: True, '1': {'2': {0: True}}, '2': {'4': {0: True}}}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True, 'S': {'S': {'S': {0: True}}}}}, 'T': {'Z': {'H': {0: True}}}}
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'%m/%d/%y': '%D'}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'%': {'m': {'/': {'%': {'d': {'/': {'%': {'y': {0: True}}}}}}}}}
INVERSE_ESCAPE_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {'\x07': '\\a', '\x08': '\\b', '\x0c': '\\f', '\n': '\\n', '\r': '\\r', '\t': '\\t', '\x0b': '\\v'}
QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '`'
IDENTIFIER_END = '`'
BIT_START: Optional[str] = None
BIT_END: Optional[str] = None
HEX_START: Optional[str] = '0x'
HEX_END: Optional[str] = ''
BYTE_START: Optional[str] = "b'"
BYTE_END: Optional[str] = "'"

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect
  Dialect
  INDEX_OFFSET
  ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE
  IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT
  DPIPE_IS_STRING_CONCAT
  STRICT_STRING_CONCAT
  NULL_ORDERING
  TYPED_DIVISION
  SAFE_DIVISION
  CONCAT_COALESCE
  DATE_FORMAT
  DATEINT_FORMAT
  TIME_FORMAT
  get_or_raise
  format_time
  case_sensitive
  can_identify
  quote_identifier
  parse
  parse_into
  generate
  transpile
  tokenize
  tokenizer
  parser
  generator

class BigQuery.Tokenizer(sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer): View Source

    282    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    283        QUOTES = ["'", '"', '"""', "'''"]
    284        COMMENTS = ["--", "#", ("/*", "*/")]
    285        IDENTIFIERS = ["`"]
    286        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\"]
    287
    288        HEX_STRINGS = [("0x", ""), ("0X", "")]
    289
    290        BYTE_STRINGS = [
    291            (prefix + q, q) for q in t.cast(t.List[str], QUOTES) for prefix in ("b", "B")
    292        ]
    293
    294        RAW_STRINGS = [
    295            (prefix + q, q) for q in t.cast(t.List[str], QUOTES) for prefix in ("r", "R")
    296        ]
    297
    298        KEYWORDS = {
    299            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    300            "ANY TYPE": TokenType.VARIANT,
    301            "BEGIN": TokenType.COMMAND,
    302            "BEGIN TRANSACTION": TokenType.BEGIN,
    303            "BYTES": TokenType.BINARY,
    304            "CURRENT_DATETIME": TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME,
    305            "DECLARE": TokenType.COMMAND,
    306            "FLOAT64": TokenType.DOUBLE,
    307            "FOR SYSTEM_TIME": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT,
    308            "MODEL": TokenType.MODEL,
    309            "NOT DETERMINISTIC": TokenType.VOLATILE,
    310            "RECORD": TokenType.STRUCT,
    311            "TIMESTAMP": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
    312        }
    313        KEYWORDS.pop("DIV")

QUOTES = ["'", '"', '"""', "'''"]
COMMENTS = ['--', '#', ('/*', '*/')]
IDENTIFIERS = ['`']
STRING_ESCAPES = ['\\']
HEX_STRINGS = [('0x', ''), ('0X', '')]
BYTE_STRINGS = [("b'", "'"), ("B'", "'"), ('b"', '"'), ('B"', '"'), ('b"""', '"""'), ('B"""', '"""'), ("b'''", "'''"), ("B'''", "'''")]
RAW_STRINGS = [("r'", "'"), ("R'", "'"), ('r"', '"'), ('R"', '"'), ('r"""', '"""'), ('R"""', '"""'), ("r'''", "'''"), ("R'''", "'''")]
KEYWORDS = {'{%': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '+%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '{{+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{{-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '+}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '/*+': <TokenType.HINT: 'HINT'>, '==': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '::': <TokenType.DCOLON: 'DCOLON'>, '||': <TokenType.DPIPE: 'DPIPE'>, '>=': <TokenType.GTE: 'GTE'>, '<=': <TokenType.LTE: 'LTE'>, '<>': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, '!=': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, ':=': <TokenType.COLON_EQ: 'COLON_EQ'>, '<=>': <TokenType.NULLSAFE_EQ: 'NULLSAFE_EQ'>, '->': <TokenType.ARROW: 'ARROW'>, '->>': <TokenType.DARROW: 'DARROW'>, '=>': <TokenType.FARROW: 'FARROW'>, '#>': <TokenType.HASH_ARROW: 'HASH_ARROW'>, '#>>': <TokenType.DHASH_ARROW: 'DHASH_ARROW'>, '<->': <TokenType.LR_ARROW: 'LR_ARROW'>, '&&': <TokenType.DAMP: 'DAMP'>, '??': <TokenType.DQMARK: 'DQMARK'>, 'ALL': <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, 'ALWAYS': <TokenType.ALWAYS: 'ALWAYS'>, 'AND': <TokenType.AND: 'AND'>, 'ANTI': <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, 'ANY': <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, 'ASC': <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, 'AS': <TokenType.ALIAS: 'ALIAS'>, 'ASOF': <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, 'AUTOINCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'BEGIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'BETWEEN': <TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>, 'CACHE': <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, 'UNCACHE': <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>, 'CASE': <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, 'CHARACTER SET': <TokenType.CHARACTER_SET: 'CHARACTER_SET'>, 'CLUSTER BY': <TokenType.CLUSTER_BY: 'CLUSTER_BY'>, 'COLLATE': <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, 'COLUMN': <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, 'COMMIT': <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, 'CONNECT BY': <TokenType.CONNECT_BY: 'CONNECT_BY'>, 'CONSTRAINT': <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, 'CREATE': <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>, 'CROSS': <TokenType.CROSS: 'CROSS'>, 'CUBE': <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, 'CURRENT_USER': <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, 'DATABASE': <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, 'DEFAULT': <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, 'DELETE': <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, 'DESC': <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, 'DESCRIBE': <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, 'DISTINCT': <TokenType.DISTINCT: 'DISTINCT'>, 'DISTRIBUTE BY': <TokenType.DISTRIBUTE_BY: 'DISTRIBUTE_BY'>, 'DROP': <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>, 'ELSE': <TokenType.ELSE: 'ELSE'>, 'END': <TokenType.END: 'END'>, 'ESCAPE': <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, 'EXCEPT': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'EXECUTE': <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, 'EXISTS': <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, 'FALSE': <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, 'FETCH': <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>, 'FILTER': <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, 'FIRST': <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, 'FULL': <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, 'FUNCTION': <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, 'FOR': <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>, 'FOREIGN KEY': <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, 'FORMAT': <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, 'FROM': <TokenType.FROM: 'FROM'>, 'GEOGRAPHY': <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, 'GEOMETRY': <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, 'GLOB': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, 'GROUP BY': <TokenType.GROUP_BY: 'GROUP_BY'>, 'GROUPING SETS': <TokenType.GROUPING_SETS: 'GROUPING_SETS'>, 'HAVING': <TokenType.HAVING: 'HAVING'>, 'ILIKE': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, 'IN': <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>, 'INDEX': <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, 'INET': <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, 'INNER': <TokenType.INNER: 'INNER'>, 'INSERT': <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>, 'INTERVAL': <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, 'INTERSECT': <TokenType.INTERSECT: 'INTERSECT'>, 'INTO': <TokenType.INTO: 'INTO'>, 'IS': <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, 'ISNULL': <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, 'JOIN': <TokenType.JOIN: 'JOIN'>, 'KEEP': <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, 'KILL': <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, 'LATERAL': <TokenType.LATERAL: 'LATERAL'>, 'LEFT': <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, 'LIKE': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, 'LIMIT': <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, 'LOAD': <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, 'LOCK': <TokenType.LOCK: 'LOCK'>, 'MERGE': <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, 'NATURAL': <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, 'NEXT': <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, 'NOT': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, 'NOTNULL': <TokenType.NOTNULL: 'NOTNULL'>, 'NULL': <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, 'OBJECT': <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, 'OFFSET': <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, 'ON': <TokenType.ON: 'ON'>, 'OR': <TokenType.OR: 'OR'>, 'XOR': <TokenType.XOR: 'XOR'>, 'ORDER BY': <TokenType.ORDER_BY: 'ORDER_BY'>, 'ORDINALITY': <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, 'OUTER': <TokenType.OUTER: 'OUTER'>, 'OVER': <TokenType.OVER: 'OVER'>, 'OVERLAPS': <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, 'OVERWRITE': <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, 'PARTITION': <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, 'PARTITION BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PERCENT': <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, 'PIVOT': <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, 'PRAGMA': <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <TokenType.PRIMARY_KEY: 'PRIMARY_KEY'>, 'PROCEDURE': <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, 'QUALIFY': <TokenType.QUALIFY: 'QUALIFY'>, 'RANGE': <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, 'RECURSIVE': <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, 'REGEXP': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'REPLACE': <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, 'RETURNING': <TokenType.RETURNING: 'RETURNING'>, 'REFERENCES': <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, 'RIGHT': <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, 'RLIKE': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'ROLLBACK': <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>, 'ROLLUP': <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, 'ROW': <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, 'ROWS': <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, 'SCHEMA': <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, 'SELECT': <TokenType.SELECT: 'SELECT'>, 'SEMI': <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, 'SET': <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, 'SETTINGS': <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, 'SHOW': <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, 'SIMILAR TO': <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>, 'SOME': <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, 'SORT BY': <TokenType.SORT_BY: 'SORT_BY'>, 'START WITH': <TokenType.START_WITH: 'START_WITH'>, 'TABLE': <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, 'TABLESAMPLE': <TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: 'TABLE_SAMPLE'>, 'TEMP': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'TEMPORARY': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'THEN': <TokenType.THEN: 'THEN'>, 'TRUE': <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, 'UNION': <TokenType.UNION: 'UNION'>, 'UNKNOWN': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, 'UNNEST': <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, 'UNPIVOT': <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, 'UPDATE': <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, 'USE': <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, 'USING': <TokenType.USING: 'USING'>, 'UUID': <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, 'VALUES': <TokenType.VALUES: 'VALUES'>, 'VIEW': <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, 'VOLATILE': <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, 'WHEN': <TokenType.WHEN: 'WHEN'>, 'WHERE': <TokenType.WHERE: 'WHERE'>, 'WINDOW': <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, 'WITH': <TokenType.WITH: 'WITH'>, 'APPLY': <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, 'ARRAY': <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, 'BIT': <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, 'BOOL': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BOOLEAN': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BYTE': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'MEDIUMINT': <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, 'INT1': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'TINYINT': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'INT16': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SHORT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SMALLINT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INT128': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'HUGEINT': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'INT2': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INTEGER': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT4': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT32': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT64': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'LONG': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'BIGINT': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'INT8': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'DEC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'BIGDECIMAL': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'BIGNUMERIC': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'MAP': <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, 'NULLABLE': <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, 'NUMBER': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'NUMERIC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'FIXED': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'REAL': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT4': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT8': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE PRECISION': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'JSON': <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, 'CHAR': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'CHARACTER': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'NCHAR': <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR2': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR2': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'STR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'STRING': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'TEXT': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGTEXT': <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, 'MEDIUMTEXT': <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, 'TINYTEXT': <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, 'CLOB': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGVARCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'BINARY': <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, 'BLOB': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'LONGBLOB': <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, 'MEDIUMBLOB': <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, 'TINYBLOB': <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, 'BYTEA': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'VARBINARY': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'TIME': <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, 'TIMETZ': <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPLTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'DATE': <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, 'DATETIME': <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, 'INT4RANGE': <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, 'INT4MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, 'INT8RANGE': <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, 'INT8MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, 'NUMRANGE': <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, 'NUMMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSRANGE': <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, 'TSMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSTZRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, 'TSTZMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, 'DATERANGE': <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, 'DATEMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, 'UNIQUE': <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, 'STRUCT': <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, 'VARIANT': <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, 'ALTER': <TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>, 'ANALYZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'CALL': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'COMMENT': <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, 'COPY': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'EXPLAIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'GRANT': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'OPTIMIZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'PREPARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'TRUNCATE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'VACUUM': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'USER-DEFINED': <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, 'FOR VERSION': <TokenType.VERSION_SNAPSHOT: 'VERSION_SNAPSHOT'>, 'FOR TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT: 'TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT'>, 'ANY TYPE': <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, 'BEGIN TRANSACTION': <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, 'BYTES': <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, 'CURRENT_DATETIME': <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, 'DECLARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'FLOAT64': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'FOR SYSTEM_TIME': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT: 'TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT'>, 'MODEL': <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, 'NOT DETERMINISTIC': <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, 'RECORD': <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer
  Tokenizer
  SINGLE_TOKENS
  BIT_STRINGS
  HEREDOC_STRINGS
  IDENTIFIER_ESCAPES
  VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS
  WHITE_SPACE
  COMMANDS
  COMMAND_PREFIX_TOKENS
  NUMERIC_LITERALS
  dialect
  reset
  tokenize
  peek
  tokenize_rs
  size
  sql
  tokens

class BigQuery.Parser(sqlglot.parser.Parser): View Source

    315    class Parser(parser.Parser):
    316        PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS = True
    317
    318        LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = True
    319
    320        FUNCTIONS = {
    321            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
    322            "DATE": _parse_date,
    323            "DATE_ADD": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.DateAdd),
    324            "DATE_SUB": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.DateSub),
    325            "DATE_TRUNC": lambda args: exp.DateTrunc(
    326                unit=exp.Literal.string(str(seq_get(args, 1))),
    327                this=seq_get(args, 0),
    328            ),
    329            "DATETIME_ADD": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.DatetimeAdd),
    330            "DATETIME_SUB": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.DatetimeSub),
    331            "DIV": binary_from_function(exp.IntDiv),
    332            "GENERATE_ARRAY": exp.GenerateSeries.from_arg_list,
    333            "MD5": exp.MD5Digest.from_arg_list,
    334            "TO_HEX": _parse_to_hex,
    335            "PARSE_DATE": lambda args: format_time_lambda(exp.StrToDate, "bigquery")(
    336                [seq_get(args, 1), seq_get(args, 0)]
    337            ),
    338            "PARSE_TIMESTAMP": _parse_timestamp,
    339            "REGEXP_CONTAINS": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
    340            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": lambda args: exp.RegexpExtract(
    341                this=seq_get(args, 0),
    342                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
    343                position=seq_get(args, 2),
    344                occurrence=seq_get(args, 3),
    345                group=exp.Literal.number(1) if re.compile(args[1].name).groups == 1 else None,
    346            ),
    347            "SHA256": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(256)),
    348            "SHA512": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(512)),
    349            "SPLIT": lambda args: exp.Split(
    350                # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/string_functions#split
    351                this=seq_get(args, 0),
    352                expression=seq_get(args, 1) or exp.Literal.string(","),
    353            ),
    354            "TIME_ADD": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.TimeAdd),
    355            "TIME_SUB": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.TimeSub),
    356            "TIMESTAMP_ADD": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.TimestampAdd),
    357            "TIMESTAMP_SUB": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.TimestampSub),
    358            "TIMESTAMP_MICROS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
    359                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MICROS
    360            ),
    361            "TIMESTAMP_MILLIS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
    362                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS
    363            ),
    364            "TIMESTAMP_SECONDS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
    365                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.SECONDS
    366            ),
    367            "TO_JSON_STRING": exp.JSONFormat.from_arg_list,
    368        }
    369
    370        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    371            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
    372            "ARRAY": lambda self: self.expression(exp.Array, expressions=[self._parse_statement()]),
    373        }
    374        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("TRIM")
    375
    376        NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS = {
    377            **parser.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS,
    378            TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: exp.CurrentDatetime,
    379        }
    380
    381        NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS = {
    382            *parser.Parser.NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS,
    383            TokenType.TABLE,
    384        }
    385
    386        ID_VAR_TOKENS = {
    387            *parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS,
    388            TokenType.VALUES,
    389        }
    390
    391        PROPERTY_PARSERS = {
    392            **parser.Parser.PROPERTY_PARSERS,
    393            "NOT DETERMINISTIC": lambda self: self.expression(
    394                exp.StabilityProperty, this=exp.Literal.string("VOLATILE")
    395            ),
    396            "OPTIONS": lambda self: self._parse_with_property(),
    397        }
    398
    399        CONSTRAINT_PARSERS = {
    400            **parser.Parser.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS,
    401            "OPTIONS": lambda self: exp.Properties(expressions=self._parse_with_property()),
    402        }
    403
    404        RANGE_PARSERS = parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS.copy()
    405        RANGE_PARSERS.pop(TokenType.OVERLAPS, None)
    406
    407        NULL_TOKENS = {TokenType.NULL, TokenType.UNKNOWN}
    408
    409        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
    410            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
    411            TokenType.END: lambda self: self._parse_as_command(self._prev),
    412            TokenType.FOR: lambda self: self._parse_for_in(),
    413        }
    414
    415        BRACKET_OFFSETS = {
    416            "OFFSET": (0, False),
    417            "ORDINAL": (1, False),
    418            "SAFE_OFFSET": (0, True),
    419            "SAFE_ORDINAL": (1, True),
    420        }
    421
    422        def _parse_for_in(self) -> exp.ForIn:
    423            this = self._parse_range()
    424            self._match_text_seq("DO")
    425            return self.expression(exp.ForIn, this=this, expression=self._parse_statement())
    426
    427        def _parse_table_part(self, schema: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    428            this = super()._parse_table_part(schema=schema) or self._parse_number()
    429
    430            # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/lexical#table_names
    431            if isinstance(this, exp.Identifier):
    432                table_name = this.name
    433                while self._match(TokenType.DASH, advance=False) and self._next:
    434                    self._advance(2)
    435                    table_name += f"-{self._prev.text}"
    436
    437                this = exp.Identifier(this=table_name, quoted=this.args.get("quoted"))
    438            elif isinstance(this, exp.Literal):
    439                table_name = this.name
    440
    441                if self._is_connected() and self._parse_var(any_token=True):
    442                    table_name += self._prev.text
    443
    444                this = exp.Identifier(this=table_name, quoted=True)
    445
    446            return this
    447
    448        def _parse_table_parts(self, schema: bool = False) -> exp.Table:
    449            table = super()._parse_table_parts(schema=schema)
    450            if isinstance(table.this, exp.Identifier) and "." in table.name:
    451                catalog, db, this, *rest = (
    452                    t.cast(t.Optional[exp.Expression], exp.to_identifier(x))
    453                    for x in split_num_words(table.name, ".", 3)
    454                )
    455
    456                if rest and this:
    457                    this = exp.Dot.build(t.cast(t.List[exp.Expression], [this, *rest]))
    458
    459                table = exp.Table(this=this, db=db, catalog=catalog)
    460
    461            return table
    462
    463        def _parse_json_object(self) -> exp.JSONObject:
    464            json_object = super()._parse_json_object()
    465            array_kv_pair = seq_get(json_object.expressions, 0)
    466
    467            # Converts BQ's "signature 2" of JSON_OBJECT into SQLGlot's canonical representation
    468            # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/json_functions#json_object_signature2
    469            if (
    470                array_kv_pair
    471                and isinstance(array_kv_pair.this, exp.Array)
    472                and isinstance(array_kv_pair.expression, exp.Array)
    473            ):
    474                keys = array_kv_pair.this.expressions
    475                values = array_kv_pair.expression.expressions
    476
    477                json_object.set(
    478                    "expressions",
    479                    [exp.JSONKeyValue(this=k, expression=v) for k, v in zip(keys, values)],
    480                )
    481
    482            return json_object
    483
    484        def _parse_bracket(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    485            bracket = super()._parse_bracket(this)
    486
    487            if this is bracket:
    488                return bracket
    489
    490            if isinstance(bracket, exp.Bracket):
    491                for expression in bracket.expressions:
    492                    name = expression.name.upper()
    493
    494                    if name not in self.BRACKET_OFFSETS:
    495                        break
    496
    497                    offset, safe = self.BRACKET_OFFSETS[name]
    498                    bracket.set("offset", offset)
    499                    bracket.set("safe", safe)
    500                    expression.replace(expression.expressions[0])
    501
    502            return bracket

Parser consumes a list of tokens produced by the Tokenizer and produces a parsed syntax tree.

###### Arguments:

- error_level: The desired error level. Default: ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE
- error_message_context: Determines the amount of context to capture from a query string when displaying the error message (in number of characters). Default: 100
- max_errors: Maximum number of error messages to include in a raised ParseError. This is only relevant if error_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3

PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS = True
LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = True
FUNCTIONS = {'ABS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Abs'>>, 'ANY_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>>, 'APPROX_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>>, 'APPROX_TOP_K': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxTopK'>>, 'ARG_MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARGMAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'MAX_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARG_MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARGMIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'MIN_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>>, 'ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAll'>>, 'ARRAY_ANY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAny'>>, 'ARRAY_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_JOIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayJoin'>>, 'ARRAY_SIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_SORT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySort'>>, 'ARRAY_SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>>, 'ARRAY_UNION_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUnionAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_UNIQUE_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUniqueAgg'>>, 'AVG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Avg'>>, 'CASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Case'>>, 'CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>>, 'CAST_TO_STR_TYPE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CastToStrType'>>, 'CEIL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CEILING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CHR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Chr'>>, 'CHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Chr'>>, 'COALESCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'IFNULL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'NVL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'COLLATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Collate'>>, 'CONCAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONCAT_WS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COUNT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Count'>>, 'COUNT_IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>>, 'CURRENT_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDatetime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'CURRENT_USER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>, 'DATE': <function _parse_date>, 'DATE_ADD': <function parse_date_delta_with_interval.<locals>.func>, 'DATEDIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>>, 'DATE_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>>, 'DATEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATE_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>>, 'DATE_SUB': <function parse_date_delta_with_interval.<locals>.func>, 'DATE_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATE_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>>, 'DATE_TRUNC': <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATETIME_ADD': <function parse_date_delta_with_interval.<locals>.func>, 'DATETIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeDiff'>>, 'DATETIME_SUB': <function parse_date_delta_with_interval.<locals>.func>, 'DATETIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeTrunc'>>, 'DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Day'>>, 'DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAYOFMONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAY_OF_WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAYOFWEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAY_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DAYOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DECODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Decode'>>, 'DI_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>>, 'ENCODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Encode'>>, 'EXP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exp'>>, 'EXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'EXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodeOuter'>>, 'EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Extract'>>, 'FIRST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.First'>>, 'FLATTEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Flatten'>>, 'FLOOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Floor'>>, 'FROM_BASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase'>>, 'FROM_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase64'>>, 'GENERATE_SERIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries'>>, 'GREATEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Greatest'>>, 'GROUP_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>>, 'HEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hex'>>, 'HLL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hll'>>, 'IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'INITCAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Initcap'>>, 'IS_INF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'ISINF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'IS_NAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'ISNAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArray'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayAgg'>>, 'JSON_ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayContains'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar'>>, 'JSON_FORMAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObject'>>, 'J_S_O_N_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONTable'>>, 'LAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Last'>>, 'LAST_DATE_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDateOfMonth'>>, 'LEAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Least'>>, 'LEFT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Left'>>, 'LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEVENSHTEIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>>, 'LN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ln'>>, 'LOG': <function parse_logarithm>, 'LOG10': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Log10'>>, 'LOG2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Log2'>>, 'LOGICAL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOLAND_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'LOGICAL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOLOR_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'LOWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>>, 'LCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>>, 'MD5': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>>, 'MD5_DIGEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>>, 'MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Map'>>, 'MAP_FROM_ENTRIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries'>>, 'MATCH_AGAINST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MatchAgainst'>>, 'MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>>, 'MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>>, 'MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Month'>>, 'MONTHS_BETWEEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MonthsBetween'>>, 'NEXT_VALUE_FOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NextValueFor'>>, 'NULLIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nullif'>>, 'NUMBER_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NumberToStr'>>, 'NVL2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nvl2'>>, 'OPEN_J_S_O_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OpenJSON'>>, 'PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParameterizedAgg'>>, 'PARSE_JSON': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'JSON_PARSE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'PERCENTILE_CONT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>>, 'PERCENTILE_DISC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>>, 'POSEXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Posexplode'>>, 'POSEXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PosexplodeOuter'>>, 'POWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'POW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'PREDICT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Predict'>>, 'QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>>, 'RANGE_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RangeN'>>, 'READ_CSV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReadCSV'>>, 'REDUCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Reduce'>>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT': <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>, 'REGEXP_I_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>>, 'REGEXP_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'REGEXP_REPLACE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpReplace'>>, 'REGEXP_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'REPEAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Repeat'>>, 'RIGHT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Right'>>, 'ROUND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Round'>>, 'ROW_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowNumber'>>, 'SHA': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA1': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>>, 'SAFE_DIVIDE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>>, 'SORT_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'SPLIT': <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>, 'SQRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sqrt'>>, 'STANDARD_HASH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StandardHash'>>, 'STAR_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StarMap'>>, 'STARTS_WITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STARTSWITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STDDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDDEV_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevPop'>>, 'STDDEV_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevSamp'>>, 'STR_POSITION': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>>, 'STR_TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>>, 'STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>>, 'STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>>, 'STRUCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'STRUCT_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>>, 'STUFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'SUBSTRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sum'>>, 'TIME_ADD': <function parse_date_delta_with_interval.<locals>.func>, 'TIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>>, 'TIME_SUB': <function parse_date_delta_with_interval.<locals>.func>, 'TIME_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>>, 'TIME_TO_TIME_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TIME_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'TIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeTrunc'>>, 'TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_ADD': <function parse_date_delta_with_interval.<locals>.func>, 'TIMESTAMP_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_SUB': <function parse_date_delta_with_interval.<locals>.func>, 'TIMESTAMP_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>>, 'TO_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToBase64'>>, 'TO_CHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>>, 'TO_DAYS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDays'>>, 'TRANSFORM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Transform'>>, 'TRIM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>>, 'TRY_CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>>, 'TS_OR_DI_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'UNHEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>>, 'UNIX_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>>, 'UPPER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'UCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'VAR_MAP': <function parse_var_map>, 'VARIANCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'VAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Week'>>, 'WEEK_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WEEKOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WHEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.When'>>, 'X_M_L_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLTable'>>, 'XOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>>, 'YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Year'>>, 'GLOB': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LIKE': <function parse_like>, 'DIV': <function binary_from_function.<locals>.<lambda>>, 'GENERATE_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries'>>, 'TO_HEX': <function _parse_to_hex>, 'PARSE_DATE': <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARSE_TIMESTAMP': <function _parse_timestamp>, 'REGEXP_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'SHA256': <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>, 'SHA512': <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>, 'TIMESTAMP_MICROS': <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>, 'TIMESTAMP_MILLIS': <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>, 'TIMESTAMP_SECONDS': <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>, 'TO_JSON_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>>}
FUNCTION_PARSERS = {'ANY_VALUE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DECODE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXTRACT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_OBJECT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_TABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MATCH': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OPENJSON': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'POSITION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PREDICT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SAFE_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRING_AGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SUBSTRING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARRAY': <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>}
NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS = {<TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDatetime'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>}
NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS = {<TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>}
ID_VAR_TOKENS = {<TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.VALUES: 'VALUES'>, <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>}
PROPERTY_PARSERS = {'ALGORITHM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'BLOCKCOMPRESSION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHARSET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHARACTER SET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHECKSUM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CLUSTER BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CLUSTERED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COLLATE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COMMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COPY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATABLOCKSIZE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DEFINER': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DETERMINISTIC': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DISTKEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DISTSTYLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ENGINE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXECUTE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXTERNAL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FALLBACK': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FORMAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FREESPACE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'HEAP': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'IMMUTABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'INPUT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JOURNAL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LANGUAGE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LAYOUT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LIFETIME': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LIKE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOCATION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOCK': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOCKING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MATERIALIZED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MERGEBLOCKRATIO': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MULTISET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NO': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ON': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ORDER BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OUTPUT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARTITION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARTITION BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RANGE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'REMOTE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RETURNS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ROW': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ROW_FORMAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SAMPLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SETTINGS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SORTKEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SOURCE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STORED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SYSTEM_VERSIONING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TBLPROPERTIES': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TEMP': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TEMPORARY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TO': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRANSIENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRANSFORM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TTL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'USING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'VOLATILE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'WITH': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NOT DETERMINISTIC': <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>, 'OPTIONS': <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>}
CONSTRAINT_PARSERS = {'AUTOINCREMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CASESPECIFIC': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHARACTER SET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHECK': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COLLATE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COMMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COMPRESS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CLUSTERED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NONCLUSTERED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DEFAULT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ENCODE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FOREIGN KEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FORMAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GENERATED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'IDENTITY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'INLINE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LIKE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NOT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NULL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ON': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PATH': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PERIOD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'REFERENCES': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TITLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TTL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'UNIQUE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'UPPERCASE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'WITH': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OPTIONS': <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>}
RANGE_PARSERS = {<TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.IRLIKE: 'IRLIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>}
NULL_TOKENS = {<TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>}
STATEMENT_PARSERS = {<TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>: <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>: <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>}
BRACKET_OFFSETS = {'OFFSET': (0, False), 'ORDINAL': (1, False), 'SAFE_OFFSET': (0, True), 'SAFE_ORDINAL': (1, True)}
TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = {<TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>}
SHOW_TRIE: Dict = {}
SET_TRIE: Dict = {'GLOBAL': {0: True}, 'LOCAL': {0: True}, 'SESSION': {0: True}, 'TRANSACTION': {0: True}}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.parser.Parser
  Parser
  STRUCT_TYPE_TOKENS
  ENUM_TYPE_TOKENS
  TYPE_TOKENS
  SIGNED_TO_UNSIGNED_TYPE_TOKEN
  SUBQUERY_PREDICATES
  RESERVED_TOKENS
  DB_CREATABLES
  CREATABLES
  INTERVAL_VARS
  COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS
  UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS
  TRIM_TYPES
  FUNC_TOKENS
  CONJUNCTION
  EQUALITY
  COMPARISON
  BITWISE
  TERM
  FACTOR
  EXPONENT
  TIMES
  TIMESTAMPS
  SET_OPERATIONS
  JOIN_METHODS
  JOIN_SIDES
  JOIN_KINDS
  JOIN_HINTS
  LAMBDAS
  COLUMN_OPERATORS
  EXPRESSION_PARSERS
  UNARY_PARSERS
  PRIMARY_PARSERS
  PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS
  ALTER_PARSERS
  SCHEMA_UNNAMED_CONSTRAINTS
  NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS
  INVALID_FUNC_NAME_TOKENS
  FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS
  QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS
  SET_PARSERS
  SHOW_PARSERS
  TYPE_LITERAL_PARSERS
  MODIFIABLES
  DDL_SELECT_TOKENS
  PRE_VOLATILE_TOKENS
  TRANSACTION_KIND
  TRANSACTION_CHARACTERISTICS
  INSERT_ALTERNATIVES
  CLONE_KEYWORDS
  HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND
  OPCLASS_FOLLOW_KEYWORDS
  OPTYPE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
  TABLE_INDEX_HINT_TOKENS
  WINDOW_ALIAS_TOKENS
  WINDOW_BEFORE_PAREN_TOKENS
  WINDOW_SIDES
  FETCH_TOKENS
  ADD_CONSTRAINT_TOKENS
  DISTINCT_TOKENS
  UNNEST_OFFSET_ALIAS_TOKENS
  STRICT_CAST
  IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS
  ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN
  TABLESAMPLE_CSV
  SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER
  TRIM_PATTERN_FIRST
  MODIFIERS_ATTACHED_TO_UNION
  UNION_MODIFIERS
  error_level
  error_message_context
  max_errors
  dialect
  reset
  parse
  parse_into
  check_errors
  raise_error
  expression
  validate_expression
  errors
  sql

class BigQuery.Generator(sqlglot.generator.Generator): View Source

    504    class Generator(generator.Generator):
    505        EXPLICIT_UNION = True
    506        INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM = False
    507        JOIN_HINTS = False
    508        QUERY_HINTS = False
    509        TABLE_HINTS = False
    510        LIMIT_FETCH = "LIMIT"
    511        RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
    512        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
    513        UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY = False
    514        COLLATE_IS_FUNC = True
    515        LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
    516
    517        TRANSFORMS = {
    518            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
    519            exp.ApproxDistinct: rename_func("APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT"),
    520            exp.ArgMax: arg_max_or_min_no_count("MAX_BY"),
    521            exp.ArgMin: arg_max_or_min_no_count("MIN_BY"),
    522            exp.ArrayContains: _array_contains_sql,
    523            exp.ArraySize: rename_func("ARRAY_LENGTH"),
    524            exp.Cast: transforms.preprocess([transforms.remove_precision_parameterized_types]),
    525            exp.CollateProperty: lambda self, e: f"DEFAULT COLLATE {self.sql(e, 'this')}"
    526            if e.args.get("default")
    527            else f"COLLATE {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
    528            exp.Create: _create_sql,
    529            exp.CTE: transforms.preprocess([_pushdown_cte_column_names]),
    530            exp.DateAdd: date_add_interval_sql("DATE", "ADD"),
    531            exp.DateDiff: lambda self, e: f"DATE_DIFF({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.sql(e, 'expression')}, {self.sql(e.args.get('unit', 'DAY'))})",
    532            exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("DATE"),
    533            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
    534            exp.DateSub: date_add_interval_sql("DATE", "SUB"),
    535            exp.DatetimeAdd: date_add_interval_sql("DATETIME", "ADD"),
    536            exp.DatetimeSub: date_add_interval_sql("DATETIME", "SUB"),
    537            exp.DateTrunc: lambda self, e: self.func("DATE_TRUNC", e.this, e.text("unit")),
    538            exp.GenerateSeries: rename_func("GENERATE_ARRAY"),
    539            exp.GroupConcat: rename_func("STRING_AGG"),
    540            exp.Hex: rename_func("TO_HEX"),
    541            exp.If: if_sql(false_value="NULL"),
    542            exp.ILike: no_ilike_sql,
    543            exp.IntDiv: rename_func("DIV"),
    544            exp.JSONFormat: rename_func("TO_JSON_STRING"),
    545            exp.JSONKeyValue: json_keyvalue_comma_sql,
    546            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
    547            exp.MD5: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_HEX", self.func("MD5", e.this)),
    548            exp.MD5Digest: rename_func("MD5"),
    549            exp.Min: min_or_least,
    550            exp.PartitionedByProperty: lambda self, e: f"PARTITION BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
    551            exp.RegexpExtract: lambda self, e: self.func(
    552                "REGEXP_EXTRACT",
    553                e.this,
    554                e.expression,
    555                e.args.get("position"),
    556                e.args.get("occurrence"),
    557            ),
    558            exp.RegexpReplace: regexp_replace_sql,
    559            exp.RegexpLike: rename_func("REGEXP_CONTAINS"),
    560            exp.ReturnsProperty: _returnsproperty_sql,
    561            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
    562                [
    563                    transforms.explode_to_unnest(),
    564                    _unqualify_unnest,
    565                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
    566                    _alias_ordered_group,
    567                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
    568                ]
    569            ),
    570            exp.SHA2: lambda self, e: self.func(
    571                f"SHA256" if e.text("length") == "256" else "SHA512", e.this
    572            ),
    573            exp.StabilityProperty: lambda self, e: f"DETERMINISTIC"
    574            if e.name == "IMMUTABLE"
    575            else "NOT DETERMINISTIC",
    576            exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: f"PARSE_DATE({self.format_time(e)}, {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
    577            exp.StrToTime: lambda self, e: self.func(
    578                "PARSE_TIMESTAMP", self.format_time(e), e.this, e.args.get("zone")
    579            ),
    580            exp.TimeAdd: date_add_interval_sql("TIME", "ADD"),
    581            exp.TimeSub: date_add_interval_sql("TIME", "SUB"),
    582            exp.TimestampAdd: date_add_interval_sql("TIMESTAMP", "ADD"),
    583            exp.TimestampSub: date_add_interval_sql("TIMESTAMP", "SUB"),
    584            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
    585            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: f"FORMAT_DATE({self.format_time(e)}, {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
    586            exp.Trim: lambda self, e: self.func(f"TRIM", e.this, e.expression),
    587            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _ts_or_ds_add_sql,
    588            exp.TsOrDsDiff: _ts_or_ds_diff_sql,
    589            exp.TsOrDsToDate: ts_or_ds_to_date_sql("bigquery"),
    590            exp.Unhex: rename_func("FROM_HEX"),
    591            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
    592            exp.Values: _derived_table_values_to_unnest,
    593            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
    594        }
    595
    596        TYPE_MAPPING = {
    597            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
    598            exp.DataType.Type.BIGDECIMAL: "BIGNUMERIC",
    599            exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT: "INT64",
    600            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BYTES",
    601            exp.DataType.Type.BOOLEAN: "BOOL",
    602            exp.DataType.Type.CHAR: "STRING",
    603            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: "NUMERIC",
    604            exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: "FLOAT64",
    605            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "FLOAT64",
    606            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INT64",
    607            exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "STRING",
    608            exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "STRING",
    609            exp.DataType.Type.SMALLINT: "INT64",
    610            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "STRING",
    611            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "DATETIME",
    612            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
    613            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPLTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
    614            exp.DataType.Type.TINYINT: "INT64",
    615            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BYTES",
    616            exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR: "STRING",
    617            exp.DataType.Type.VARIANT: "ANY TYPE",
    618        }
    619
    620        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
    621            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
    622            exp.PartitionedByProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA,
    623            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
    624        }
    625
    626        # from: https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/lexical#reserved_keywords
    627        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
    628            *generator.Generator.RESERVED_KEYWORDS,
    629            "all",
    630            "and",
    631            "any",
    632            "array",
    633            "as",
    634            "asc",
    635            "assert_rows_modified",
    636            "at",
    637            "between",
    638            "by",
    639            "case",
    640            "cast",
    641            "collate",
    642            "contains",
    643            "create",
    644            "cross",
    645            "cube",
    646            "current",
    647            "default",
    648            "define",
    649            "desc",
    650            "distinct",
    651            "else",
    652            "end",
    653            "enum",
    654            "escape",
    655            "except",
    656            "exclude",
    657            "exists",
    658            "extract",
    659            "false",
    660            "fetch",
    661            "following",
    662            "for",
    663            "from",
    664            "full",
    665            "group",
    666            "grouping",
    667            "groups",
    668            "hash",
    669            "having",
    670            "if",
    671            "ignore",
    672            "in",
    673            "inner",
    674            "intersect",
    675            "interval",
    676            "into",
    677            "is",
    678            "join",
    679            "lateral",
    680            "left",
    681            "like",
    682            "limit",
    683            "lookup",
    684            "merge",
    685            "natural",
    686            "new",
    687            "no",
    688            "not",
    689            "null",
    690            "nulls",
    691            "of",
    692            "on",
    693            "or",
    694            "order",
    695            "outer",
    696            "over",
    697            "partition",
    698            "preceding",
    699            "proto",
    700            "qualify",
    701            "range",
    702            "recursive",
    703            "respect",
    704            "right",
    705            "rollup",
    706            "rows",
    707            "select",
    708            "set",
    709            "some",
    710            "struct",
    711            "tablesample",
    712            "then",
    713            "to",
    714            "treat",
    715            "true",
    716            "unbounded",
    717            "union",
    718            "unnest",
    719            "using",
    720            "when",
    721            "where",
    722            "window",
    723            "with",
    724            "within",
    725        }
    726
    727        def eq_sql(self, expression: exp.EQ) -> str:
    728            # Operands of = cannot be NULL in BigQuery
    729            if isinstance(expression.left, exp.Null) or isinstance(expression.right, exp.Null):
    730                return "NULL"
    731
    732            return self.binary(expression, "=")
    733
    734        def attimezone_sql(self, expression: exp.AtTimeZone) -> str:
    735            parent = expression.parent
    736
    737            # BigQuery allows CAST(.. AS {STRING|TIMESTAMP} [FORMAT <fmt> [AT TIME ZONE <tz>]]).
    738            # Only the TIMESTAMP one should use the below conversion, when AT TIME ZONE is included.
    739            if not isinstance(parent, exp.Cast) or not parent.to.is_type("text"):
    740                return self.func(
    741                    "TIMESTAMP", self.func("DATETIME", expression.this, expression.args.get("zone"))
    742                )
    743
    744            return super().attimezone_sql(expression)
    745
    746        def trycast_sql(self, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str:
    747            return self.cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix="SAFE_")
    748
    749        def cte_sql(self, expression: exp.CTE) -> str:
    750            if expression.alias_column_names:
    751                self.unsupported("Column names in CTE definition are not supported.")
    752            return super().cte_sql(expression)
    753
    754        def array_sql(self, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
    755            first_arg = seq_get(expression.expressions, 0)
    756            if isinstance(first_arg, exp.Subqueryable):
    757                return f"ARRAY{self.wrap(self.sql(first_arg))}"
    758
    759            return inline_array_sql(self, expression)
    760
    761        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
    762            expressions = expression.expressions
    763            expressions_sql = ", ".join(self.sql(e) for e in expressions)
    764            offset = expression.args.get("offset")
    765
    766            if offset == 0:
    767                expressions_sql = f"OFFSET({expressions_sql})"
    768            elif offset == 1:
    769                expressions_sql = f"ORDINAL({expressions_sql})"
    770            else:
    771                self.unsupported(f"Unsupported array offset: {offset}")
    772
    773            if expression.args.get("safe"):
    774                expressions_sql = f"SAFE_{expressions_sql}"
    775
    776            return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}[{expressions_sql}]"
    777
    778        def transaction_sql(self, *_) -> str:
    779            return "BEGIN TRANSACTION"
    780
    781        def commit_sql(self, *_) -> str:
    782            return "COMMIT TRANSACTION"
    783
    784        def rollback_sql(self, *_) -> str:
    785            return "ROLLBACK TRANSACTION"
    786
    787        def in_unnest_op(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    788            return self.sql(expression)
    789
    790        def except_op(self, expression: exp.Except) -> str:
    791            if not expression.args.get("distinct", False):
    792                self.unsupported("EXCEPT without DISTINCT is not supported in BigQuery")
    793            return f"EXCEPT{' DISTINCT' if expression.args.get('distinct') else ' ALL'}"
    794
    795        def intersect_op(self, expression: exp.Intersect) -> str:
    796            if not expression.args.get("distinct", False):
    797                self.unsupported("INTERSECT without DISTINCT is not supported in BigQuery")
    798            return f"INTERSECT{' DISTINCT' if expression.args.get('distinct') else ' ALL'}"
    799
    800        def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str:
    801            return self.properties(properties, prefix=self.seg("OPTIONS"))
    802
    803        def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str:
    804            if expression.name == "TIMESTAMP":
    805                expression.set("this", "SYSTEM_TIME")
    806            return super().version_sql(expression)

Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string.

###### Arguments:

- pretty: Whether or not to format the produced SQL string. Default: False.
- identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. True or 'always': Always quote. 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive.
- normalize: Whether or not to normalize identifiers to lowercase. Default: False.
- pad: Determines the pad size in a formatted string. Default: 2.
- indent: Determines the indentation size in a formatted string. Default: 2.
- normalize_functions: Whether or not to normalize all function names. Possible values are: "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.
- unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
- max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
- leading_comma: Determines whether or not the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. Default: False
- max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
- comments: Whether or not to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True

EXPLICIT_UNION = True
INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM = False
JOIN_HINTS = False
QUERY_HINTS = False
TABLE_HINTS = False
LIMIT_FETCH = 'LIMIT'
RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY = False
COLLATE_IS_FUNC = True
LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
TRANSFORMS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>: <function date_add_interval_sql.<locals>.func>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CheckColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CommentColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFormatColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefaultColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InlineLengthColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntervalSpan'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NonClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnUpdateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PathColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <function _returnsproperty_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <function BigQuery.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TitleColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UppercaseColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>: <function arg_max_or_min_no_count.<locals>._arg_max_or_min_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>: <function arg_max_or_min_no_count.<locals>._arg_max_or_min_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>: <function _array_contains_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateProperty'>: <function BigQuery.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Create'>: <function _create_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CTE'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>: <function BigQuery.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>: <function datestrtodate_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>: <function date_add_interval_sql.<locals>.func>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd'>: <function date_add_interval_sql.<locals>.func>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub'>: <function date_add_interval_sql.<locals>.func>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateTrunc'>: <function BigQuery.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hex'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>: <function if_sql.<locals>._if_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ILike'>: <function no_ilike_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntDiv'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONKeyValue'>: <function json_keyvalue_comma_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>: <function max_or_greatest>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5'>: <function BigQuery.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>: <function min_or_least>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <function BigQuery.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract'>: <function BigQuery.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpReplace'>: <function regexp_replace_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Select'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>: <function BigQuery.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>: <function BigQuery.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>: <function BigQuery.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>: <function date_add_interval_sql.<locals>.func>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeSub'>: <function date_add_interval_sql.<locals>.func>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>: <function date_add_interval_sql.<locals>.func>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub'>: <function date_add_interval_sql.<locals>.func>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>: <function timestrtotime_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>: <function BigQuery.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>: <function BigQuery.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>: <function _ts_or_ds_add_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>: <function _ts_or_ds_diff_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>: <function ts_or_ds_to_date_sql.<locals>._ts_or_ds_to_date_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>: <function _unix_to_time_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Values'>: <function _derived_table_values_to_unnest>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>}
TYPE_MAPPING = {<Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>: 'STRING', <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>: 'STRING', <Type.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.INET: 'INET'>: 'INET', <Type.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>: 'BIGNUMERIC', <Type.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>: 'INT64', <Type.BINARY: 'BINARY'>: 'BYTES', <Type.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>: 'BOOL', <Type.CHAR: 'CHAR'>: 'STRING', <Type.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>: 'NUMERIC', <Type.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>: 'FLOAT64', <Type.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>: 'FLOAT64', <Type.INT: 'INT'>: 'INT64', <Type.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>: 'INT64', <Type.TEXT: 'TEXT'>: 'STRING', <Type.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>: 'DATETIME', <Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>: 'INT64', <Type.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>: 'BYTES', <Type.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>: 'STRING', <Type.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>: 'ANY TYPE'}
PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.AlgorithmProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoIncrementProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BlockCompressionProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ChecksumProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cluster'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredByProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataBlocksizeProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefinerProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictRange'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistStyleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EngineProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FallbackProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FileFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FreespaceProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsolatedLoadingProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JournalProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LikeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockingProperty'>: <Location.POST_ALIAS: 'POST_ALIAS'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeBlockRatioProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Order'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedOfProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PrimaryKey'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Property'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatDelimitedProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatSerdeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SchemaCommentProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SerdeProperties'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Set'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeTreeTTL'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithDataProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSystemVersioningProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>}
RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {'natural', 'then', 'extract', 'with', 'null', 'by', 'recursive', 'left', 'grouping', 'collate', 'escape', 'ignore', 'in', 'exclude', 'union', 'struct', 'window', 'array', 'cast', 'outer', 'partition', 'select', 'no', 'true', 'having', 'create', 'lateral', 'between', 'inner', 'lookup', 'end', 'intersect', 'of', 'on', 'when', 'assert_rows_modified', 'respect', 'desc', 'if', 'preceding', 'group', 'following', 'false', 'over', 'right', 'unnest', 'as', 'cross', 'asc', 'distinct', 'current', 'rollup', 'groups', 'within', 'any', 'hash', 'fetch', 'at', 'and', 'enum', 'case', 'proto', 'for', 'rows', 'except', 'from', 'else', 'exists', 'some', 'define', 'limit', 'range', 'all', 'join', 'is', 'like', 'unbounded', 'contains', 'to', 'treat', 'using', 'new', 'into', 'full', 'default', 'or', 'order', 'cube', 'nulls', 'set', 'not', 'interval', 'tablesample', 'qualify', 'where', 'merge'}
def eq_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.EQ) -> str: View Source

    727        def eq_sql(self, expression: exp.EQ) -> str:
    728            # Operands of = cannot be NULL in BigQuery
    729            if isinstance(expression.left, exp.Null) or isinstance(expression.right, exp.Null):
    730                return "NULL"
    731
    732            return self.binary(expression, "=")

def attimezone_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.AtTimeZone) -> str: View Source

    734        def attimezone_sql(self, expression: exp.AtTimeZone) -> str:
    735            parent = expression.parent
    736
    737            # BigQuery allows CAST(.. AS {STRING|TIMESTAMP} [FORMAT <fmt> [AT TIME ZONE <tz>]]).
    738            # Only the TIMESTAMP one should use the below conversion, when AT TIME ZONE is included.
    739            if not isinstance(parent, exp.Cast) or not parent.to.is_type("text"):
    740                return self.func(
    741                    "TIMESTAMP", self.func("DATETIME", expression.this, expression.args.get("zone"))
    742                )
    743
    744            return super().attimezone_sql(expression)

def trycast_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TryCast) -> str: View Source

    746        def trycast_sql(self, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str:
    747            return self.cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix="SAFE_")

def cte_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.CTE) -> str: View Source

    749        def cte_sql(self, expression: exp.CTE) -> str:
    750            if expression.alias_column_names:
    751                self.unsupported("Column names in CTE definition are not supported.")
    752            return super().cte_sql(expression)

def array_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Array) -> str: View Source

    754        def array_sql(self, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
    755            first_arg = seq_get(expression.expressions, 0)
    756            if isinstance(first_arg, exp.Subqueryable):
    757                return f"ARRAY{self.wrap(self.sql(first_arg))}"
    758
    759            return inline_array_sql(self, expression)

def bracket_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Bracket) -> str: View Source

    761        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
    762            expressions = expression.expressions
    763            expressions_sql = ", ".join(self.sql(e) for e in expressions)
    764            offset = expression.args.get("offset")
    765
    766            if offset == 0:
    767                expressions_sql = f"OFFSET({expressions_sql})"
    768            elif offset == 1:
    769                expressions_sql = f"ORDINAL({expressions_sql})"
    770            else:
    771                self.unsupported(f"Unsupported array offset: {offset}")
    772
    773            if expression.args.get("safe"):
    774                expressions_sql = f"SAFE_{expressions_sql}"
    775
    776            return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}[{expressions_sql}]"

def transaction_sql(self, *_) -> str: View Source

    778        def transaction_sql(self, *_) -> str:
    779            return "BEGIN TRANSACTION"

def commit_sql(self, *_) -> str: View Source

    781        def commit_sql(self, *_) -> str:
    782            return "COMMIT TRANSACTION"

def rollback_sql(self, *_) -> str: View Source

    784        def rollback_sql(self, *_) -> str:
    785            return "ROLLBACK TRANSACTION"

def in_unnest_op(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Unnest) -> str: View Source

    787        def in_unnest_op(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    788            return self.sql(expression)

def except_op(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Except) -> str: View Source

    790        def except_op(self, expression: exp.Except) -> str:
    791            if not expression.args.get("distinct", False):
    792                self.unsupported("EXCEPT without DISTINCT is not supported in BigQuery")
    793            return f"EXCEPT{' DISTINCT' if expression.args.get('distinct') else ' ALL'}"

def intersect_op(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Intersect) -> str: View Source

    795        def intersect_op(self, expression: exp.Intersect) -> str:
    796            if not expression.args.get("distinct", False):
    797                self.unsupported("INTERSECT without DISTINCT is not supported in BigQuery")
    798            return f"INTERSECT{' DISTINCT' if expression.args.get('distinct') else ' ALL'}"

def with_properties(self, properties: sqlglot.expressions.Properties) -> str: View Source

    800        def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str:
    801            return self.properties(properties, prefix=self.seg("OPTIONS"))

def version_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Version) -> str: View Source

    803        def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str:
    804            if expression.name == "TIMESTAMP":
    805                expression.set("this", "SYSTEM_TIME")
    806            return super().version_sql(expression)

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.generator.Generator
  Generator
  NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED
  LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED
  WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES
  CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS
  MATCHED_BY_SOURCE
  SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL
  TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD
  TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT
  GROUPINGS_SEP
  INDEX_ON
  QUERY_HINT_SEP
  IS_BOOL_ALLOWED
  DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET
  LIMIT_IS_TOP
  RETURNING_END
  COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS_SUPPORTED
  EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES
  TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE
  SELECT_KINDS
  VALUES_AS_TABLE
  ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD
  AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED
  SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE
  COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE
  SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY
  TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS
  DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED
  ENSURE_BOOLS
  CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED
  SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT
  STAR_MAPPING
  TIME_PART_SINGULARS
  TOKEN_MAPPING
  STRUCT_DELIMITER
  PARAMETER_TOKEN
  WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS
  EXCLUDE_COMMENTS
  UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES
  EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES
  KEY_VALUE_DEFINITONS
  SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK
  pretty
  identify
  normalize
  pad
  unsupported_level
  max_unsupported
  leading_comma
  max_text_width
  comments
  dialect
  normalize_functions
  unsupported_messages
  generate
  preprocess
  unsupported
  sep
  seg
  pad_comment
  maybe_comment
  wrap
  no_identify
  normalize_func
  indent
  sql
  uncache_sql
  cache_sql
  characterset_sql
  column_sql
  columnposition_sql
  columndef_sql
  columnconstraint_sql
  computedcolumnconstraint_sql
  autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql
  compresscolumnconstraint_sql
  generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql
  generatedasrowcolumnconstraint_sql
  periodforsystemtimeconstraint_sql
  notnullcolumnconstraint_sql
  transformcolumnconstraint_sql
  primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql
  uniquecolumnconstraint_sql
  createable_sql
  create_sql
  clone_sql
  describe_sql
  prepend_ctes
  with_sql
  tablealias_sql
  bitstring_sql
  hexstring_sql
  bytestring_sql
  rawstring_sql
  datatypeparam_sql
  datatype_sql
  directory_sql
  delete_sql
  drop_sql
  except_sql
  fetch_sql
  filter_sql
  hint_sql
  index_sql
  identifier_sql
  inputoutputformat_sql
  national_sql
  partition_sql
  properties_sql
  root_properties
  properties
  locate_properties
  property_name
  property_sql
  likeproperty_sql
  fallbackproperty_sql
  journalproperty_sql
  freespaceproperty_sql
  checksumproperty_sql
  mergeblockratioproperty_sql
  datablocksizeproperty_sql
  blockcompressionproperty_sql
  isolatedloadingproperty_sql
  partitionboundspec_sql
  partitionedofproperty_sql
  lockingproperty_sql
  withdataproperty_sql
  withsystemversioningproperty_sql
  insert_sql
  intersect_sql
  introducer_sql
  kill_sql
  pseudotype_sql
  objectidentifier_sql
  onconflict_sql
  returning_sql
  rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql
  withtablehint_sql
  indextablehint_sql
  historicaldata_sql
  table_sql
  tablesample_sql
  pivot_sql
  tuple_sql
  update_sql
  values_sql
  var_sql
  into_sql
  from_sql
  group_sql
  having_sql
  connect_sql
  prior_sql
  join_sql
  lambda_sql
  lateral_sql
  limit_sql
  offset_sql
  setitem_sql
  set_sql
  pragma_sql
  lock_sql
  literal_sql
  escape_str
  loaddata_sql
  null_sql
  boolean_sql
  order_sql
  cluster_sql
  distribute_sql
  sort_sql
  ordered_sql
  matchrecognize_sql
  query_modifiers
  offset_limit_modifiers
  after_having_modifiers
  after_limit_modifiers
  select_sql
  schema_sql
  schema_columns_sql
  star_sql
  parameter_sql
  sessionparameter_sql
  placeholder_sql
  subquery_sql
  qualify_sql
  union_sql
  union_op
  unnest_sql
  where_sql
  window_sql
  partition_by_sql
  windowspec_sql
  withingroup_sql
  between_sql
  all_sql
  any_sql
  exists_sql
  case_sql
  constraint_sql
  nextvaluefor_sql
  extract_sql
  trim_sql
  convert_concat_args
  concat_sql
  concatws_sql
  check_sql
  foreignkey_sql
  primarykey_sql
  if_sql
  matchagainst_sql
  jsonkeyvalue_sql
  formatjson_sql
  jsonobject_sql
  jsonarray_sql
  jsonarrayagg_sql
  jsoncolumndef_sql
  jsonschema_sql
  jsontable_sql
  openjsoncolumndef_sql
  openjson_sql
  in_sql
  interval_sql
  return_sql
  reference_sql
  anonymous_sql
  paren_sql
  neg_sql
  not_sql
  alias_sql
  aliases_sql
  add_sql
  and_sql
  xor_sql
  connector_sql
  bitwiseand_sql
  bitwiseleftshift_sql
  bitwisenot_sql
  bitwiseor_sql
  bitwiserightshift_sql
  bitwisexor_sql
  cast_sql
  currentdate_sql
  collate_sql
  command_sql
  comment_sql
  mergetreettlaction_sql
  mergetreettl_sql
  altercolumn_sql
  renametable_sql
  altertable_sql
  add_column_sql
  droppartition_sql
  addconstraint_sql
  distinct_sql
  ignorenulls_sql
  respectnulls_sql
  intdiv_sql
  dpipe_sql
  div_sql
  overlaps_sql
  distance_sql
  dot_sql
  propertyeq_sql
  escape_sql
  glob_sql
  gt_sql
  gte_sql
  ilike_sql
  ilikeany_sql
  is_sql
  like_sql
  likeany_sql
  similarto_sql
  lt_sql
  lte_sql
  mod_sql
  mul_sql
  neq_sql
  nullsafeeq_sql
  nullsafeneq_sql
  or_sql
  slice_sql
  sub_sql
  log_sql
  use_sql
  binary
  function_fallback_sql
  func
  format_args
  text_width
  format_time
  expressions
  op_expressions
  naked_property
  set_operation
  tag_sql
  token_sql
  userdefinedfunction_sql
  joinhint_sql
  kwarg_sql
  when_sql
  merge_sql
  tochar_sql
  dictproperty_sql
  dictrange_sql
  dictsubproperty_sql
  oncluster_sql
  clusteredbyproperty_sql
  anyvalue_sql
  querytransform_sql
  indexconstraintoption_sql
  indexcolumnconstraint_sql
  nvl2_sql
  comprehension_sql
  columnprefix_sql
  opclass_sql
  predict_sql
  forin_sql
  refresh_sql
  operator_sql